Sperm quality and absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in semen after COVID-19 infection: a prospective, observational study and validation of the SpermCOVID test.

Objective: To study the contagiousness of sperm and its influence on fertility after recovery from COVID-19 infection.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: University medical center.

Time has come to include Human Papillomavirus (HPV) testing in sperm donor banks.

HPV is well known as a potential cause of cervical cancer. Less well known is its link to temporal subfertility that is caused by binding of infectious virions to the spermatozoa's head which induces sperm-DNA damage and causes a reduction in clinical pregnancy rates in women receiving HPV positive semen. This impact on the global fertility burden remains greatly underestimated and underexplored.

Infectious human papillomavirus virions in semen reduce clinical pregnancy rates in women undergoing intrauterine insemination.

Objective: To study the influence of human papillomavirus (HPV) virions present in different sperm fractions of male partners of women undergoing IUI on fertility outcome.

Design: Prospective noninterventional multicenter study.

Setting: Inpatient hospital fertility centers.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) virion induced cancer and subfertility, two sides of the same coin.

In the natural history of HPV infections, the HPV virions can induce two different pathways, namely the infec- tious virion producing pathway and the clonal transforming pathway. An overview is given of the burden that is associated with HPV infections that can both lead to cervical cancer and/or temporal subfertility. That HPV infections cause serious global health burden due to HPV-associated cancers is common knowledge, but that it is also responsible for a substantial part of idiopathic subfertility is greatly underestimated.