Design and Simulation of a Low Power 384-channel Actively Multiplexed Neural Interface.

Brain computer interfaces (BCIs) provide clinical benefits including partial restoration of lost motor control, vision, speech, and hearing. A fundamental limitation of existing BCIs is their inability to span several areas (> cm) of the cortex with fine (<100 μm) resolution. One challenge of scaling neural interfaces is output wiring and connector sizes as each channel must be independently routed out of the brain.

The HVCN1 voltage-gated proton channel contributes to pH regulation in canine ventricular myocytes.

Regulation of intracellular pH (pH ) in cardiomyocytes is crucial for cardiac function; however, currently known mechanisms for direct or indirect extrusion of acid from cardiomyocytes seem insufficient for energetically efficient extrusion of the massive H loads generated under in vivo conditions. In cardiomyocytes, voltage-sensitive H channel activity mediated by the HVCN1 proton channel would be a highly efficient means of disposing of H , while avoiding Na loading, as occurs during direct acid extrusion via Na /H exchange or indirect acid extrusion via Na -HCO cotransport. PCR and immunoblotting demonstrated expression of HVCN1 mRNA and protein in canine heart.

Acid-base effects of combined renal deletion of NBCe1-A and NBCe1-B.

The molecular mechanisms regulating ammonia metabolism are fundamental to acid-base homeostasis. Deletion of the A splice variant of Na-bicarbonate cotransporter, electrogenic, isoform 1 (NBCe1-A) partially blocks the effect of acidosis to increase urinary ammonia excretion, and this appears to involve the dysregulated expression of ammoniagenic enzymes in the proximal tubule (PT) in the cortex but not in the outer medulla (OM). A second NBCe1 splice variant, NBCe1-B, is present throughout the PT, including the OM, where NBCe1-A is not present.

Electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1 regulates pancreatic β cell function in type 2 diabetes.

Pancreatic β cell failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is attributed to perturbations of the β cell's transcriptional landscape resulting in impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Recent studies identified SLC4A4 (a gene encoding an electrogenic Na+-coupled HCO3- cotransporter and intracellular pH regulator, NBCe1) as one of the misexpressed genes in β cells of patients with T2DM. Thus, in the current study, we set out to test the hypothesis that misexpression of SLC4A4/NBCe1 in T2DM β cells contributes to β cell dysfunction and impaired glucose homeostasis.

Manipulation of Single Neural Stem Cells and Neurons in Brain Slices using Robotic Microinjection.

A central question in developmental neurobiology is how neural stem and progenitor cells form the brain. To answer this question, one needs to label, manipulate, and follow single cells in the brain tissue with high resolution over time. This task is extremely challenging due to the complexity of tissues in the brain.