Catholic Republicanism: The Creation of the Spanish American Republics during Revolution.

The crisis of the Spanish Catholic monarchy paved the way for the creation of more than twenty republics in Latin America between 1810 and 1825. This paper analyzes early nineteenth-century Spanish American republican experiences, which have been generally neglected in the historiography, as constitutive parts of Atlantic republicanism. It focuses on the theologico-political considerations of the res publica from the seventeenth century onwards, the articulation of a patriotic discourse in the American colonies of Spain during the eighteenth century, and how Spanish-American revolutionaries used republican languages based on Roman references, natural rights, and Catholicism to create new political legitimacy.

[Clinical and therapeutic characteristics of respiratory diseases in chronic alcoholism].

Out of 633 male patients aged 20 to 60 years (the mean age 37.1 +/- 8.2 years) with chronic alcoholism treated at hospital, pulmonary diseases (with the exception of tuberculosis) were revealed in 121 (19.