The Maturation of the International Health Crisis Response: The Polish Typhus Epidemic of 1916-1923 Compared to the African Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic of 2013-2016: Part I, the Polish Epidemic.

Poland suffered an epidemic of louse-borne typhus from 1916-1923, with 400,000 cases and more than 130,000 deaths. The causative factors were depressed economic conditions and a refugee crisis that engulfed Poland after World War I. The recognition of the epidemic in 1919 stimulated the creation of the League of Red Cross Societies (LRCS).

An Exuberant Case of Ulceronodular-Rupioid (Malignant) Syphilis in an HIV Patient: A Proposal for New Diagnostic Criteria.

We report the case of a 28-year-old male with uncontrolled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who presented with extensive ulcerated lesions with dark lamellated crusting on his face, torso, and limbs. The patient had a rapid plasma reagin (RPR) titer of 1:512, indicative of syphilis. A skin biopsy revealed granulomata surrounded by lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells, with spirochetes visible on immunohistochemical staining.

as a Cause of Empyema; A Diagnosis with Next-Generation Sequencing.

(.) is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, branching beaded rod that is a component of the human microbiome. An infection of the thoracic cavity with can mimic tuberculosis (TB), nocardiosis, and malignancy.

Flea-Borne Typhus as a COVID-19 Mimic: A Report of Four Cases.

Flea-borne typhus (FBT), due to and , is an infection causing fever, headache, rash, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia, and diverse organ manifestations. Cough occurs in about 30% of patients with FBT, and chest X-ray abnormalities are seen in 17%. Severe pulmonary manifestations have also been reported in FBT, including adult respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary embolism.