Stopping Mental Illness Stigma: Changing Attitudes, Language, and Policies.

Stigma has been a pervasive and stubborn part of the mental illness landscape, but it need not be. This article explores the nature of mental health stigma, where it comes from, how it is manifested, how it harms people, and what can be done about it. The article articulates the need to clearly understand three major levels of mental health stigma-structural (e.

The effects of chronic desipramine treatment on neurotrophin-3 in the brain of mice with selective depletion of CREB and CREM in noradrenergic neurons.

The disturbances in neurotrophic support are thought to be one of the main causes of depression, which depend not only on the neurotrophins themselves but also on the molecules regulating their synthesis and effector functions. One such molecule is cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), which role in depression and antidepressant drugs mechanism of action has been extensively studied. However, CREB's effects vary depending on brain structure, necessitating specific transgenic models for studying its function.

Non-motor symptoms associated with progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by three main motor symptoms: bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor. PD is also associated with diverse non-motor symptoms that may develop in parallel or precede motor dysfunctions, ranging from autonomic system dysfunctions and impaired sensory perception to cognitive deficits and depression. Here, we examine the role of the progressive loss of dopaminergic transmission in behaviors related to the non-motor symptoms of PD in a mouse model of the disease (the TIF-IA strain).

The Effect of Physical Activity and Repeated Whole-Body Cryotherapy on the Expression of Modulators of the Inflammatory Response in Mononuclear Blood Cells among Young Men.

Series of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) among healthy and physically active individuals can potentially reduce inflammatory response, although exact mechanisms remain unclear. The impact of whole-body cryotherapy on inflammation modulators among 28 young males, categorized as non-training (NTR, N = 10), non-training with WBC (NTR-WBC, N = 10), and training with WBC (TR-WBC, N = 8), is investigated in this study. Over a period of eight weeks, NTR-WBC and TR-WBC subjects underwent 24 WBC treatments (-130 °C for 3 min, three times a week), examining changes in mRNA expressions of IL-1A, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-G, SIRT1, SIRT3, SOD2, GSS, and ICAM-1.

Dopamine Receptor-Expressing Neurons Are Differently Distributed throughout Layers of the Motor Cortex to Control Dexterity.

The motor cortex comprises the primary descending circuits for flexible control of voluntary movements and is critically involved in motor skill learning. Motor skill learning is impaired in patients with Parkinson's disease, but the precise mechanisms of motor control and skill learning are still not well understood. Here we have used transgenic mice, electrophysiology, in situ hybridization, and neural tract-tracing methods to target genetically defined cell types expressing D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the motor cortex.