See one, teach yourself one, do one: Barriers and opportunities in self-administered training and assessment for global surgical education.

Objective: We aimed to determine the most important perceived barriers to the implementation of self-administered training and assessment in surgical education according to subject matter experts. With these findings, design thinking was used to explore possible interventions and develop a theory of change for overcoming identified barriers. Specifically, implementation was focused on expanding the surgical skills of associate clinicians (ACs) in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs).

A Novel Method for Quick Assessment of Internal And External Radiation Exposure in the Aftermath of a Large Radiological Incident.

In the event of a significant radiological release in a major urban area where a large number of people reside, it is inevitable that radiological screening and dose assessment must be conducted. Lives may be saved if an emergency response plan and radiological screening method are established for use in such cases. Thousands to tens of thousands of people might present themselves with some levels of external contamination and/or the potential for internal contamination.

National diagnostic reference level initiative for computed tomography examinations in Kenya.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the computed tomography (CT) examination frequency, patient radiation exposure, effective doses and national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) associated with CT examinations in clinical practice. A structured questionnaire-type form was developed for recording examination frequency, scanning protocols and patient radiation exposure during CT procedures in fully equipped medical facilities across the country. The national annual number of CT examinations per 1000 people was estimated to be 3 procedures.

Punch card programmable microfluidics.

Small volume fluid handling in single and multiphase microfluidics provides a promising strategy for efficient bio-chemical assays, low-cost point-of-care diagnostics and new approaches to scientific discoveries. However multiple barriers exist towards low-cost field deployment of programmable microfluidics. Incorporating multiple pumps, mixers and discrete valve based control of nanoliter fluids and droplets in an integrated, programmable manner without additional required external components has remained elusive.

Patient radiation exposure during general fluoroscopy examinations.

The purpose of this study was to assess the level of patient radiation dose received in general fluoroscopy examinations, compare the findings with the international diagnostic reference levels (IDRLs), and establish the initial institutional (local) LDRLs. A comprehensive survey was conducted for general fluoroscopy examinations using the medical records of a Radiology Department of a leading regional hospital over a period close to one year. The cumulative reference point air kerma (K(a,r)), kerma area product (KAP) and fluoroscopy time (FT) were recorded for six hundred and fifty (30% pediatric and 70% adult) patients undergoing routine fluoroscopy examinations using X-ray equipment with built-in integrated dose measuring system.