Pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in children and adults with tuberculosis.

Setting: Five hospitals in the United States.

Objective: To describe ethambutol pharmacokinetics in children and adults with active tuberculosis (TB).

Design: Prospective, open-labeled study in 56 adults and 14 children with active tuberculosis who received ethambutol as part of their multidrug TB regimens.

Guidelines for using darbepoetin alfa in patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia.

Anemia is an undertreated but common complication of cancer and is associated with debilitating symptoms that impair the patient's ability to perform daily functions of life. Treatment with darbepoetin alfa, a novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein, is appropriate for chemotherapy-induced anemia. Guidelines on darbepoetin alfa therapy will assist clinicians in its appropriate application.

Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular streptomycin in patients with tuberculosis.

Study Objectives: To determine population pharmacokinetic parameters of streptomycin after administration of multiple intramuscular and intravenous doses.

Design: Prospective, unblinded clinical study.

Setting: Two medical centers in Denver, Colorado.

Etiology of neutropenia in HIV-infected patients.

The causes of neutropenia in HIV-infected patients are described, as is the association of absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and the risk of bacterial infections. In patients with HIV infection, neutropenia can result from the disease or related malignancies, drug therapies, or opportunistic infections. HIV can cause neutropenia by directly or indirectly impairing hematopoiesis.

Pharmacokinetics of ethambutol under fasting conditions, with food, and with antacids.

Ethambutol (EMB) is the most frequent "fourth drug" used for the empiric treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a frequently used drug for infections caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. The pharmacokinetics of EMB in serum were studied with 14 healthy males and females in a randomized, four-period crossover study. Subjects ingested single doses of EMB of 25 mg/kg of body weight under fasting conditions twice, with a high-fat meal, and with aluminum-magnesium antacid.