Critical comparison of BMD and TD methods for the calculation of acceptable intakes for N-nitroso compounds.

The tumorigenic dose 50 (TD) is a widely used measure of carcinogenic potency which has historically been used to determine acceptable intake limits for carcinogenic compounds. Although broadly used, the TD model was not designed to account for important biological factors such as DNA repair and cell compensatory mechanisms, changes in absorption, etc., leading to the development of benchmark dose (BMD) approaches, which use more flexible dose-response models that are better able to account for these processes.

Canine synovial lipomatosis: Clinicopathologic findings and HGMA2 immunohistochemistry in 4 cases.

Synovial lipomatosis is an uncommon, intra-articular, fat-containing, proliferative lesion with unknown etiology that is rarely reported in dogs. A retrospective study spanning 13 years was conducted to search for cases of canine synovial lipomatosis. Among 188 synovial biopsies of major diarthrodial joints (ie, shoulder, elbow, carpus, hip, stifle, and tarsus) from 186 dogs, 4 cases (2.

Closure of Earth's Global Seasonal Cycle of Energy Storage.

The global seasonal cycle of energy in Earth's climate system is quantified using observations and reanalyses. After removing long-term trends, net energy entering and exiting the climate system at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) should agree with the sum of energy entering and exiting the ocean, atmosphere, land, and ice over the course of an average year. Achieving such a balanced budget with observations has been challenging.

Observational Assessment of Changes in Earth's Energy Imbalance Since 2000.

Satellite observations from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System show that Earth's energy imbalance has doubled from 0.5 ± 0.2 Wm during the first 10 years of this century to 1.