Slow Down of the Gulf Stream during 1993-2016.

The Gulf Stream, the main heat-carrier from low to high latitudes in the North Atlantic Ocean, influences the climate and weather in the northern hemisphere. In this study we determine and analyze the position, speed, and width of the Gulf Stream (GS) from 80°W-50°W using satellite altimeter sea surface height (SSH) measurements to examine the possible link between changes in the strength of the GS and coastal sea levels along the U.S.

Statistical Evidence for the Role of Southwestern Indian Ocean Heat Content in the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall.

This study examines the benefit of using Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT) to aid in the prediction of the sign of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) anomalies. This is a statistical examination, rather than a process study. The thermal energy needed for maintaining and intensifying hurricanes and monsoons comes from the upper ocean, not just from the thin layer represented by sea surface temperature (SST) alone.

Identification of Inhibitors Targeting Ferredoxin-NADP⁺ Reductase from the Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Phytopathogenic Bacteria.

Ferredoxin-NADP(H) reductases (FNRs) deliver NADPH or low potential one-electron donors to redox-based metabolism in plastids and bacteria. subsp. () is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for citrus canker disease that affects commercial citrus crops worldwide.

Arabidopsis FNRL protein is an NADPH-dependent chloroplast oxidoreductase resembling bacterial ferredoxin-NADP reductases.

Plastidic ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductases (FNRs; EC:1.18.1.

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate triggers activation of focal adhesion kinase by inducing clustering and conformational changes.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) with key roles in integrating growth and cell matrix adhesion signals, and FAK is a major driver of invasion and metastasis in cancer. Cell adhesion via integrin receptors is well known to trigger FAK signaling, and many of the players involved are known; however, mechanistically, FAK activation is not understood. Here, using a multidisciplinary approach, including biochemical, biophysical, structural, computational, and cell biology approaches, we provide a detailed view of a multistep activation mechanism of FAK initiated by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2].