A case of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma of the bladder in a patient with no documented history of lung cancer.

Metastatic lesions of non-urological malignancies to the bladder are rare and often secondary to spread from a contiguous site. Distant metastasis to the bladder is even more uncommon. There are less than 10 previously described cases of metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma to the bladder in the literature over the past 20 years.

Effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: a systematic review.

Symptoms or signs of peripheral artery disease (PAD) can be observed in up to 50% of the patients with a diabetic foot ulcer and is a risk factor for poor healing and amputation. In 2012, a multidisciplinary working group of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot published a systematic review on the effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and PAD. This publication is an update of this review and now includes the results of a systematic search for therapies to revascularize the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and PAD from 1980 to June 2014.

The Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI).

Critical limb ischemia, first defined in 1982, was intended to delineate a subgroup of patients with a threatened lower extremity primarily because of chronic ischemia. It was the intent of the original authors that patients with diabetes be excluded or analyzed separately. The Fontaine and Rutherford Systems have been used to classify risk of amputation and likelihood of benefit from revascularization by subcategorizing patients into two groups: ischemic rest pain and tissue loss.

Use of negative pressure wound therapy to help facilitate limb preservation.

Because of changes in demography, non-communicable diseases cause more deaths worldwide than infectious disease for the first time in history. One of the most prevalent of these maladies is diabetes mellitus, which resulted in 4.6 million deaths in 2011.

Bypass grafts: the state of the art.

The treatment options for infra-renal arteriosclerotic occlusive (ASO) vascular disease have never been more varied. The history of open revascularization procedures now exceeds 60 years. This represents three generations of vascular surgeons, the most recent of whom have witnessed more than 30 years of endovascular surgery development and dissemination.