Background: The WHO states that antivenom is the only safe and effective treatment to neutralize snake venom. Snakebite antivenom typically involves horse hyperimmunization with crude venom and Freund's adjuvant.
Methods: In the current work, we analyzed the ascorbyl palmitate liquid crystal structure with snake protein or PLA2, the carrier charge capacity, and we evaluated the immune response induced by the enzyme P9a(Cdt-PLA2) formulated in a nanostructure using CpG-ODN, determining the titer of IgG antibodies.
Dopamine is heavily studied for its role in reward learning, but it is becoming increasingly appreciated that dopamine can also enable learning from aversion. Dopamine neurons modulate their firing and neurotransmitter release patterns in response to aversive outcomes. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the timing and directionality of the modulation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFStudy Design: Retrospective review.
Objective: To validate using patient-reported outcome measurement information system-pain interference (PROMIS-PI) to assess outcomes in patients undergoing lumbar decompression surgery compared with well-established pain and disability measures.
Summary Of Background Data: PROMIS outcomes provide valuable information, but the PROMIS-PI measure has not been validated in lumbar decompression.
Study Design: Retrospective review.
Objective: This study aims to compare postoperative patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in predominant back pain (PBP) versus predominant leg pain (PLP) patients following lumbar fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS).
Summary Of Background Data: Prior studies comparing PROMs in patients undergoing lumbar fusion with PBP versus PLP symptoms have included heterogeneous spinal pathology and restricted analysis to posterior fusion techniques.