Dyspnea, dysfunctional breathing disorders, and the Bayesian brain hypothesis.

Clinicians frequently evaluate patients who present with dyspnea. This term describes uncomfortable breathing during physical activity, and the intensity or degree of dyspnea can vary in an individual depending on circumstances and between individuals. In some cases, the level of dyspnea appears out of proportion to other information relevant to the cardiorespiratory system, and this situation has been described as dysfunctional breathing.

Dyspnea and long COVID patients.

Patients with prior COVID-19 infections often develop chronic post-COVID symptoms, such as fatigue and dyspnea. Some patients have residual pulmonary disorders with abnormal pulmonary function tests and/or chest radiographs to explain their dyspnea. However, other patients appear to have dyspnea that is out of proportion to any measurable change in lung function.

Subpleural sparing: Clinical, physiological, and radiological implications.

The term "subpleural sparing" refers to computed tomography (CT) images that indicate that there is limited disease/infiltrate in the immediate subpleural location. This observation is often associated with nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis and is a characteristic that distinguishes this pathology from usual interstitial pneumonitis (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis). Subpleural sparing can also occur in acute respiratory disorders, including pulmonary contusion in children, acute lung disease associated with electronic cigarettes (vaping), and aspiration of exogenous lipids.