Intensity modulated operating mode of the rotating gamma system.

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to explore two novel operation modalities of the rotating gamma systems (RGS) that could expand its clinical application to lesions in close proximity to critical organs at risk (OAR).

Methods: The approach taken in this study consists of two components. First, a Geant4-based Monte Carlo (MC) simulation toolkit is used to model the dosimetric properties of the RGS Vertex 360™ for the normal, intensity modulated radiosurgery (IMRS), and speed modulated radiosurgery (SMRS) operation modalities.

Complex hydrogenation/oxidation reactions of the water-soluble hydrogenation catalyst palladium di (sodium alizarinmonosulfonate) and details of homogeneous hydrogenation of lipids in isolated biomembranes and living cells.

Palladium di (sodium alizarinmonosulfonate) is a highly efficient catalyst for the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids esterified in lipids of model or biological membranes, enabling the study of the relationship between function and the physical state of membranes. However, the catalyst shows a complex behavior in the action of molecular hydrogen and oxygen, giving rise to the formation of at least four products. Two of these are free radicals.