The Dynamics of Pheromone Release in Two Passive Dispensers Commonly Used for Mating Disruption in the Control of and in Vineyards.

Background: Mating disruption (MD) is a worthwhile technique for the control of and in central Europe and Mediterranean areas. MD efficacy is affected by the pheromone release (PR), which in turn is influenced by environmental conditions.

Methods: The effect of weather conditions on PR was evaluated under four different fields in northern Italy.

Surface Behaviours of Humpback Whale at Nosy Be (Madagascar).

The surface behaviours of humpback whales were studied in the presence of a whale-watching vessel at Nosy Be (Madagascar) during whale-watching activities, in order to characterise the ethogram of these animals. Data were collected from July to October 2018. Of the 75 total trips, humpback whales were observed 68 times and different types of aggregations were observed: Groups (33.

Estimating pros and cons of statistical downscaling based on EQM bias adjustment as a complementary method to dynamical downscaling.

The increasing availability of coarse-scale climate simulations and the need for ready-to-use high-resolution variables drive the climate community to the challenge of reducing computational resources and time for downscaling purposes. To this end, statistical downscaling is gaining interest as a potential strategy for integrating high-resolution climate information obtained through dynamical downscaling over limited years, providing a clear understanding of the gains and losses in combining dynamical and statistical downscaling. In this regard, several questions can be raised: (i) what is the performance of statistical downscaling, assuming dynamical downscaling as a reference over a shared time window; (ii) how much the performance of statistical downscaling is affected by changes in the number of years available for training; (iii) how does the climate normal considered for the training affect the predictions.

The microbiome analysis of ripen grape berries supports the complex etiology of sour rot.

Sour rot (SR) is a grapevine disease complex that is not completely understood in its etiology and epidemiology. Recently, SR has received special attention due to its increasing economic importance due to crop losses and reduced wine quality. In this study, the fungal and bacterial microbiota of healthy (i.

Development and Validation of a Mechanistic, Weather-Based Model for Walnut Blight Caused by pv. .

Walnut blight, caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj), occurs worldwide in almost all areas where the Persian walnut (Juglans regia) is grown, causing significant reductions in nut yield via defoliation and fruit drop. The disease control relies on the calendar-based, repeated use of chemical bactericides, negatively impacting economic and environmental sustainability and potentially inducing Xaj resistance to chemicals.