Advances in assessment and cognitive neurorehabilitation of HIV-related neurocognitive impairment.

Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) is present in around 40% of people with HIV and substantially affects everyday life, adherence to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and overall life expectancy. Suboptimal therapy regimen, opportunistic infections, substance abuse and highly prevalent psychiatric co-morbidities contribute to NCI in people with HIV. In this review, we highlight the need for efficacious treatment of HIV-related NCI through pharmacological approaches and cognitive neurorehabilitation, discussing recent randomized controlled trials in this domain.

Robust assessment of the cortical encoding of word-level expectations using the temporal response function.

Speech comprehension involves detecting words and interpreting their meaning according to the preceding semantic context. This process is thought to be underpinned by a predictive neural system that uses that context to anticipate upcoming words. Recent work demonstrated that such a predictive process can be probed from neural signals recorded during ecologically-valid speech listening tasks by using linear lagged models, such as the temporal response function.

IDyOMpy: A new Python-based model for statistical analysis of musical expectations.

Background: IDyOM (Information Dynamics of Music) is the statistical model of music the most used in the community of neuroscience of music. It has been shown to allow for significant correlations with EEG (Marion, 2021), ECoG (Di Liberto, 2020) and fMRI (Cheung, 2019) recordings of human music listening. The language used for IDyOM -Lisp- is not very familiar to the neuroscience community and makes this model hard to use and more importantly to modify.

Infant low-frequency EEG cortical power, cortical tracking and phase-amplitude coupling predicts language a year later.

Cortical signals have been shown to track acoustic and linguistic properties of continuous speech. This phenomenon has been measured in both children and adults, reflecting speech understanding by adults as well as cognitive functions such as attention and prediction. Furthermore, atypical low-frequency cortical tracking of speech is found in children with phonological difficulties (developmental dyslexia).

Cortical encoding of phonetic onsets of both attended and ignored speech in hearing impaired individuals.

Hearing impairment alters the sound input received by the human auditory system, reducing speech comprehension in noisy multi-talker auditory scenes. Despite such difficulties, neural signals were shown to encode the attended speech envelope more reliably than the envelope of ignored sounds, reflecting the intention of listeners with hearing impairment (HI). This result raises an important question: What speech-processing stage could reflect the difficulty in attentional selection, if not envelope tracking? Here, we use scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to test the hypothesis that the neural encoding of phonological information (i.