Metformin versus insulin in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.

Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the use of metformin with or without insulin for the treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus compared to insulin alone.

Data Sources: This article consists of a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. The searches were carried out on MEDLINE including 7 studies, between 2010 to 2021.

Neuropathological and cerebrospinal fluid correlates of choroid plexus inflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis.

Among the intrathecal inflammatory niches where compartmentalized inflammation persists and plays a pivotal role in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), choroid plexus (CP) has recently received renewed attention. To better characterize the neuropathological/molecular correlates of CP in progressive MS and its potential link with other brain inflammatory compartments, such as perivascular spaces and leptomeninges, the levels, composition and phenotype of CP immune infiltration in lateral ventricles of the hippocampus were examined in 40 post-mortem pathologically confirmed MS and 10 healthy donors, using immunochemistry/immunofluorescence and in-situ sequencing. Significant inflammation was detected in the CP of 21 out of the 40 MS cases (52%).

Age-related bioaccumulation of rare earth elements in feathers of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from the Chilean Patagonia.

The presence of rare earth elements (REE) in the southern hemisphere, particularly marine ecosystems of Patagonia, have received little attention. The Magellanic penguin, which is also known as the Patagonian penguin, inhabits only in austral regions of South America. Although seabird feathers have been used extensively as a bio-monitoring tool, no studies have addressed the effect of age on REE accumulation in Magellanic penguins.