Carbohydrate antigens Lewis a and Lewis b act as tumor markers cooperating with CA19.9 in the management of PDAC patients.

Background: CA19.9 is the unique marker recommended for the preoperative staging and the follow-up of patients suffering from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) but up to 30% of PDAC patients maintain normal CA19.9 values and cannot be monitored in this way.

Unsolved Issues in the Integrated Histo-Molecular Classification of Endometrial Carcinoma and Therapeutic Implications.

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most frequent gynecological cancer, with an increasing incidence and mortality in recent times. The last decade has represented a true revolution with the development of the integrated histo-molecular classification of EC, which allows for the stratification of patients with morphologically indistinguishable disease into groups with different prognoses. Particularly, the POLE-mutated subgroup exhibits outstanding survival.

Cerebellar phenotypes in germline PTEN mutation carriers.

PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome (PHTS) comprises different hereditary conditions caused by germline PTEN mutations, predisposing to the development of multiple hamartomas in many body tissues and also increasing the risk of some types of cancer. Cerebellar involvement in PHTS patients has been long known due to the development of a pathognomonic cerebellar hamartoma (known as dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum or Lhermitte-Duclos disease). Recently, a crucial role of the cerebellum has been highlighted in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders, now recognised as a phenotype expressed in a variable percentage of PHTS children.

The Contribution of Oxidative Stress to -Altered Tumors.

The neurofibromatosis-1 gene () was initially characterized because its germline mutation is responsible for an inherited syndromic disease predisposing tumor development, in particular neurofibromas but also various malignancies. Recently, large-scale tumor sequencing efforts have demonstrated as one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancer, being mutated in approximately 5-10% of all tumors, especially in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and different skin tumors. acts as a tumor suppressor gene that encodes neurofibromin, a large protein that controls neoplastic transformation through several molecular mechanisms.

Thyroid cancer harboring and mutations: A peculiar molecular and clinical case report.

To date, the molecular mechanisms that underline aggressiveness and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in some thyroid carcinomas (TCs) are not known yet. We report the case of a young patient with a metastatic poorly differentiated (PDTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) refractory to conventional therapies and to Sorafenib. The patient, despite an initial partial response, died of progressive disease 21 months after diagnosis.