Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanins and Anthocyanidins: A Critical Review.

Anthocyanins are the main plant pigments responsible for the color of flowers, fruits, and vegetative organs of many plants, and are applied also as safe food colorants. They are efficient antioxidants. In this review, the reactivity of anthocyanins and their aglycones, anthocyanidins, in the main antioxidant assays, and their reactions with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, effects of interactions with other compounds and metal ions on the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins and the electrochemical properties of anthocyanins are presented.

Antioxidant Defense in the Toughest Animals on the Earth: Its Contribution to the Extreme Resistance of Tardigrades.

Tardigrades are unique among animals in their resistance to dehydration, mainly due to anhydrobiosis and tun formation. They are also very resistant to high-energy radiation, low and high temperatures, low and high pressure, and various chemical agents, Interestingly, they are resistant to ionizing radiation both in the hydrated and dehydrated states to a similar extent. They are able to survive in the cosmic space.

Effect of Garlic Extract on the Erythrocyte as a Simple Model Cell.

Garlic is known to have diverse effects on mammalian cells, being cytotoxic, especially to cancer cells, but also protect against oxidative stress. Mammalian erythrocyte is a simple cell devoid of intracellular organelles, protein synthesis ability, and most signaling pathways. Therefore, examination of the effects of garlic on erythrocytes allows for revealing primary events in the cellular action of garlic extract.

Effect of Selected Antioxidants on the In Vitro Aging of Human Fibroblasts.

The modification of the replicative lifespan (RLS) of fibroblasts is of interest both from a knowledge point of view and for the attenuation of skin aging. The effect of six antioxidants at a concentration of 1 μM on the replicative lifespan of human dermal fibroblasts was studied. The nitroxide 4-hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL), ergothioneine, and Trolox extended the replicative lifespan (RLS) (40 ± 1 population doublings (PD)) by 7 ± 2, 4 ± 1, and 3 ± 1 PD and lowered the expression of p21 at late passages.