Toxic small alarmone synthetase FaRel2 inhibits translation by pyrophosphorylating tRNA and tRNA.

Translation-targeting toxic small alarmone synthetases (toxSAS) are effectors of bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems that pyrophosphorylate the 3'-CCA end of transfer RNA (tRNA) to prevent aminoacylation. toxSAS are implicated in antiphage immunity: Phage detection triggers the toxSAS activity to shut down viral production. We show that the toxSAS FaRel2 inspects the tRNA acceptor stem to specifically select tRNA and tRNA.

A replicate crossover trial on the inter-individual variability of sleep indices in response to acute exercise undertaken by healthy men.

Study Objectives: Using the necessary replicate-crossover design, we investigated whether there is inter-individual variability in home-assessed sleep in response to acute exercise.

Methods: Eighteen healthy men (mean(SD): 26(6) years) completed two identical control (8-h laboratory rest, 08:45-16:45) and two identical exercise (7-h laboratory rest; 1-h laboratory treadmill run [62(7)% peak oxygen uptake], 15:15-16:15) trials in randomised sequences. Wrist-worn actigraphy (MotionWatch 8) measured home-based sleep (total sleep time, actual wake time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency) two nights before (nights 1-2) and three nights after (nights 3-5) the exercise/control day.

Activity, structure, and diversity of Type II proline-rich antimicrobial peptides from insects.

Apidaecin 1b (Api), the first characterized Type II Proline-rich antimicrobial peptide (PrAMP), is encoded in the honey bee genome. It inhibits bacterial growth by binding in the nascent peptide exit tunnel of the ribosome after the release of the completed protein and trapping the release factors. By genome mining, we have identified 71 PrAMPs encoded in insect genomes as pre-pro-polyproteins.

Are there interindividual differences in the reactive hypoglycaemia response to breakfast? A replicate crossover trial.

Background: Following consumption of a meal, circulating glucose concentrations can rise and then fall briefly below the basal/fasting concentrations. This phenomenon is known as reactive hypoglycaemia but to date no researcher has explored potential inter-individual differences in response to meal consumption.

Objective: We conducted a secondary analysis of existing data to examine inter-individual variability of reactive hypoglycaemia in response to breakfast consumption.