Extreme value theory analysis of high emitter trends across four US cities from 1995 to 2021.

Extreme value theory provides a direct means to characterize the distribution of high emitters within a vehicle fleet and calculate statistical confidence intervals for comparisons. Defining a "high emitter" as the maximum emitter in a random sample of N vehicles implies in the limit of large N that high emitters follow an extreme value distribution, comprised of three distinct domains. The analysis of over twenty years of roadside remote sensing emissions measurements in Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles and Tulsa reveals clear differences between gasoline vehicle high emitter distributions across pollutants (hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO)), but very similar behavior across the four cities.

TRAF3 regulates STAT6 activation and T-helper cell differentiation by modulating the phosphatase PTP1B.

The adaptor protein tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is a multifaceted regulator of lymphocyte biology that plays key roles in modulation of the molecular signals required for T-cell activation and function. TRAF3 regulates signals mediated by the T-cell receptor (TCR), costimulatory molecules, and cytokine receptors, which each drive activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt. The impact of TRAF3 upon TCR-CD28-mediated activation of Akt, and thus on the diverse cellular processes regulated by Akt, including CD4 T-cell fate decisions, remains poorly understood.

Assessing the environmental footprint of alternative green biorefinery protein extraction techniques from grasses and legumes.

The significant grasslands of Europe and its member states represents a significant feedstock opportunity for circular bioeconomy development. The development of green biorefineries (GBR), to supply protein for the feed industry from grass, could help many European member states to address significant deficits in protein availability and reduce imports. The current study assesses the environmental footprint of alternative GBR protein extraction techniques from grasses and legumes using life cycle assessment.