Retention of new AEDs in institutionalized intellectually disabled patients with epilepsy.

Purpose: To assess the long-term usefulness of 'new anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs)' (lamotrigine, topiramate, levetiracetam, gabapentin and pregabalin) in institutionalized intellectually disabled patients. Information from RCTs is lacking in this population with severe intellectual and behavioural disabilities.

Methods: Retrospective study.

Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study.

We assessed the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in a general elderly population in the Netherlands. The study formed part of the Rotterdam Study, a population-based door-to-door study, and included 6,969 persons 55 years of age or older living in a suburb of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. All participants were examined, and those who either had at least one possible cardinal sign of parkinsonism at the neurologic screening, reported that they had PD, or were taking antiparkinsonian drugs were invited for further evaluation.

Cytochrome oxidase activity in the rat caudate nucleus: light and electron microscopic observations.

Cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity was examined in the neostriatum of normal adult rats at the light and electron microscopic level. At the light microscopic level a heterogeneous distribution of CO activity was observed and was characterized by patches of high activity ranging in size from 200 to 800 microns surrounded or adjacent to regions of lower activity. The most dorsomedial and ventromedial regions of the caudate nucleus appeared to be consistently high in activity in all animals.

Anatomical observations on the afferent projections to the retractor bulbi motoneuronal cell group and other pathways possibly related to the blink reflex in the cat.

In the cat retractor bulbi (RB) muscle reflexively retracts the eye ball into the orbit. This reflex action is called the nictitating membrane response which, together with the reflex contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle, constitutes the blink reflex. The retractor bulbi (RB) motoneuronal nucleus is a small cell group located in the lateral tegmentum of the caudal pons, just dorsal to the superior olivary complex.

A Golgi study of the human neostriatum: neurons and afferent fibers.

The neostriatum of 20 adult humans was examined in Golgi-Kopsch and rapid Golgi preparations. At least five types of neurons and four types of afferent fibers are described. Neurons of medium size with spine-rich dendrites (spiny type I) are the most frequent type.