The founding of the Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education.

The Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (hereafter the Mayo Foundation), the precursor to the Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, was incorporated in 1915. The Mayo Foundation, which was affiliated with the University of Minnesota Graduate School, aimed to establish a higher standard for training medical specialists. Together, the University of Minnesota and the Mayo Foundation pioneered a graduate medical education program that allowed residents to earn master's and PhD degrees in clinical medicine and surgery.

Presidential address: The origins and evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939: a Minnesota family practice becomes an international "medical Mecca".

This paper describes the origins and international impact of the Mayo Clinic through 1939. Multispecialty group practice was invented at the clinic a century ago. A visiting Canadian physician wrote in 1906, "Specialization and cooperation, with the best that can be had in each department, is here the motto.

The architecture of a mobile outreach echocardiography service.

We describe the outreach echocardiography program at our tertiary care referral center in southeast Minnesota. Cardiac sonographers from our institution transport ultrasonographic imaging equipment to regional hospitals and clinics where they perform complete transthoracic echocardiographic examinations. Digital images from standard 2-dimensional, color flow, and Doppler echocardiography are transferred to our clinic for interpretation by a cardiologist.

Cardiology workforce: a shortage, not a surplus.

The United States faces a serious shortage of cardiologists as our population ages and the burden of heart disease grows. The problem is compounded by a cutback in the number of cardiology training positions a decade ago. Dramatic scientific, technological, and procedural advances fueled the growth of cardiology during the second half of the twentieth century.