Hepatovirus translation requires PDGFA-associated protein 1, an eIF4E-binding protein regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress responses.

The overexpression and misfolding of viral proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) may cause cellular stress, thereby inducing a cytoprotective, proteostatic host response involving phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2α). Here, we show that hepatitis A virus, a positive-strand RNA virus responsible for infectious hepatitis, adopts a stress-resistant, eIF2α-independent mechanism of translation to ensure the synthesis of viral proteins within the infected liver. Cap-independent translation directed by the hepatovirus internal ribosome entry site and productive hepatovirus infection of mice both require platelet-derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA)-associated protein 1 (PDAP1), a small phosphoprotein of unknown function with eIF4E-binding activity.

Review Article: Green Management of IBD-New Paradigms for an Eco-Friendly Approach.

Background: The worldwide prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing, with its potential evolution as a global disease and a consequent increase in its burden on healthcare systems. These estimates do not factor in the 'real' price of IBD, which, beyond curbing career aspirations, instilling social stigma, and impairing the quality of life in patients, could also significantly affect the environment.

Aim: To highlight potential areas for intervention and develop management strategies aimed at minimising environmental impacts in the field of IBD over time.

Fine-tuning the gut ecosystem: the current landscape and outlook of artificial microbiome therapeutics.

The gut microbiome is acknowledged as a key determinant of human health, and technological progress in the past two decades has enabled the deciphering of its composition and functions and its role in human disorders. Therefore, manipulation of the gut microbiome has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for communicable and non-communicable disorders. Full exploitation of current therapeutic microbiome modulators (including probiotics, prebiotics, and faecal microbiota transplantation) is hindered by several factors, including poor precision, regulatory and safety issues, and the impossibility of providing reproducible and targeted treatments.

The Role of Gut Microbiota and Leaky Gut in the Pathogenesis of Food Allergy.

Food allergy (FA) is a growing public health concern, with an increasing prevalence in Western countries. Increasing evidence suggests that the balance of human gut microbiota and the integrity of our intestinal barrier may play roles in the development of FA. Environmental factors, including industrialization and consumption of highly processed food, can contribute to altering the gut microbiota and the intestinal barrier, increasing the susceptibility to allergic sensitization.

Short-Chain Fatty-Acid-Producing Bacteria: Key Components of the Human Gut Microbiota.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a key role in health and disease, as they regulate gut homeostasis and their deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, and cardiometabolic disorders. SCFAs are metabolites of specific bacterial taxa of the human gut microbiota, and their production is influenced by specific foods or food supplements, mainly prebiotics, by the direct fostering of these taxa. This Review provides an overview of SCFAs' roles and functions, and of SCFA-producing bacteria, from their microbiological characteristics and taxonomy to the biochemical process that lead to the release of SCFAs.

Nonlytic cellular release of hepatitis A virus requires dual capsid recruitment of the ESCRT-associated Bro1 domain proteins HD-PTP and ALIX.

Although picornaviruses are conventionally considered 'nonenveloped', members of multiple picornaviral genera are released nonlytically from infected cells in extracellular vesicles. The mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Here, we describe interactions of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsid with components of host endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) that play an essential role in release.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of births in Pernambuco Brazil.

This study aimed at analysing the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the time series and spatial patterns of live births in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 2010 to 2021. This is an ecological study that applied intervention analysis in time series, with the goal to identify how projected data behaved in relation to observed data in the months December 2020 to November 2021, i.e.

Unclassified sex cord/gonadal stromal testis tumor with a "pure" spindle cell component: a case report.

Unclassified sex cord/gonadal stromal tumors (SCSTs) composed predominantly of spindle cells are rare. Very few cases have been documented to date. Here, we report a case of "pure" spindle cell tumor of the left testis in a 83-year old man whose morphological and immunohistochemical findings were consistent with a diagnosis of unclassified SCST and review the literature.

RIG-I Detects Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Transcripts in a RNA Polymerase III-Independent Manner.

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor that initiates the innate immune response against many RNA viruses. We previously showed that RIG-I restricts Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) reactivation (J. A.

Novel aspects of the assembly and activation of inflammasomes with focus on the NLRC4 inflammasome.

Inflammasomes are multiprotein structures that activate caspase-1, support secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18, and also induce inflammatory programmed cell death, termed pyoptosis. Inflammasomes are activated in response to the detection of endogenous and microbially derived danger signals and are mediated by several classes of inflammasome-forming sensors. These include several nucleotide-binding proteins of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family, including NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRC4, as well as the proteins Absent in Melanoma 2 (AIM2) and Pyrin.

Defining Potential Vaccine Targets of Haemophilus ducreyi Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin DsrA.

Haemophilus ducreyi is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease chancroid. Strains of H. ducreyi are grouped in two classes (I and II) based on genotypic and phenotypic differences, including those found in DsrA, an outer membrane protein belonging to the family of multifunctional trimeric autotransporter adhesins.

Trimeric autotransporter DsrA is a major mediator of fibrinogen binding in Haemophilus ducreyi.

Haemophilus ducreyi is the etiologic agent of the sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease chancroid. In both natural and experimental chancroid, H. ducreyi colocalizes with fibrin at the base of the ulcer.

Mutational analysis of hemoglobin binding and heme utilization by a bacterial hemoglobin receptor.

Iron is an essential nutrient for most living organisms. To acquire iron from their environment, Gram-negative bacteria use TonB-dependent transporters that bind host proteins at the bacterial surface and transport iron or heme to the periplasm via the Ton machinery. TonB-dependent transporters are barrel-shaped outer membrane proteins with 22 transmembrane domains, 11 surface-exposed loops, and a plug domain that occludes the pore.

A case of concomitant occurrence of solitary fibrous tumor and urothelial high-grade invasive carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm, most commonly arising from the pleura. It has also been recently described to occur in extrapleural sites. To our knowledge, only 16 cases of SFT have been reported in the urinary bladder to date.

Epithelial Cell Gene Expression Induced by Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus.

HEp-2 cell monolayers were cocultured with intracellular Staphylococcus aureus, and changes in gene expression were profiled using DNA microarrays. Intracellular S. aureus affected genes involved in cellular stress responses, signal transduction, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and cholesterol biosynthesis.

An immunogenic, surface-exposed domain of Haemophilus ducreyi outer membrane protein HgbA is involved in hemoglobin binding.

HgbA is the sole TonB-dependent receptor for hemoglobin (Hb) acquisition of Haemophilus ducreyi. Binding of Hb to HgbA is the initial step in heme acquisition from Hb. To better understand this step, we mutagenized hgbA by deletion of each of the 11 putative surface-exposed loops and expressed each of the mutant proteins in trans in host strain H.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel class of anticancer agents: anthracenylisoxazole lexitropsin conjugates.

The synthesis and in vitro anti-tumor 60 cell lines screen of a novel series of anthracenyl isoxazole amides (AIMs) (While not a strict acronym, the designation AIM is in honor of the memory of Professor Albert I. Meyers.) (22-33) are described.

Diversity of microorganisms within rock varnish in the Whipple Mountains, California.

Rock varnish from Arizona's Whipple Mountains harbors a microbial community containing about 10(8) microorganisms g(-1) of varnish. Analyses of varnish phospholipid fatty acids and rRNA gene libraries reveal a community comprised of mostly Proteobacteria but also including Actinobacteria, eukaryota, and a few members of the Archaea. Rock varnish represents a significant niche for microbial colonization.

Ephrin-A5 overexpression degrades topographic specificity in the mouse gluteus maximus muscle.

Motor neurons project onto specific muscles with a distinct positional bias. We have previously shown using electrophysiological techniques that overexpression of ephrin-A5 degrades this topographic map. Here, we show that positional differences in axon terminal areas, an entirely different parameter of neuromuscular topography, are also eliminated with ephrin-A5 overexpression.

[Angiocardiographic evaluation of the left ventricular function in adult and pediatric subjects with interatrial defect of the ostium secundum type].

In order to assess left ventricular function in adults and children with ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD), 42 patients were examined by hemodynamic and angiocardiographic techniques. Patients were divided into three groups: Group I, 18 patients (mean age 42 years) with ASD; Group II, 14 patients (mean age 9 years) with ASD; Group III, 10 patients without cardiopathies who represented the control group. The following parameters of ventricular function were assessed: left ventricular end diastolic volume, global and regional left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular telediastolic pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, the ratio between pulmonary flow and systemic flow (QP/QS).