Resolution of cyclic esotropia with 5-year follow-up after brief Fresnel prism treatment.

Cyclic esotropia is a rare form of strabismus that is characterized by a recurring esotropic deviation, usually with a 48-hour cycle. On esotropic days, the patient has a constant deviation with suppression, followed by a day with straight eyes and good binocular function. We report a case of cyclic esotropia in which the cycling resolved with 2 months of Fresnel prism for the amount of the distance deviation on her "straight" days.

Aniseikonia: A 21st Century Look.

: Aniseikonia, an appreciation of image size differences between the eyes, can produce symptoms in patients, ranging from headaches to loss of fusion. The purpose of this research was to take a 21st century look at aniseikonia. : Kellogg Eye Center patient records were evaluated for measurable aniseikonia in patients tested with the Aniseikonia Helper, a tablet-based application.

Testability Study of the Titmus V3 Test in Pre-school Children.

Significance: Vision screening can identify people who have vision problems requiring a comprehensive examination. When children are screened, the most prevalent serious problem is amblyopia secondary to uncorrected ametropia. Screening also identifies strabismus, which can lead to loss of binocularity.

Fresnel prism use among orthoptists.

Purpose: To better understand current uses of Fresnel prisms.

Methods: A seventeen-question survey was completed by members of the American Association of Certified Orthoptists (AACO).

Results: Surveys were emailed to 211 orthoptists with a 36% response rate (n = 76).

Management of binocular diplopia due to maculopathy with combined bangerter filter and fresnel prism.

Purpose: To describe treatment of binocular diplopia due to maculopathy with a combination of Bangerter foil and Fresnel prism. Methods and Case Report: A protocol for prescribing a combination of Bangerter foil and Fresnel prism is described. A series of three patients in whom a Bangerter foil or prism alone were ineffective for binocular diplopia due to maculopathy, along with a detailed case report of one of these patients, illustrates how a combination of both were used to treat the diplopia.

Current concepts in the management of concomitant exodeviations.

Intermittent exotropia is the most common form of divergent strabismus. Treatment is indicated with increasing tropia phase to preserve or restore binocular function and restore/reconstruct normal ocular alignment. While medical treatment is sometimes helpful for temporary relief, surgical therapy is the preferred definitive treatment modality by most pediatric ophthalmologists and strabismologists.

Molecular approaches to target discovery:--evaluating targets for anti-tuberculosis drug discovery programmes.

Selection of appropriate targets for launching antituberculosis drug discovery programmes is challenging. This challenge is magnified by the limited repertoire of 'validated targets' and the paucity of clinically successful drugs. However, continued understanding of the biology of the microbe and its interaction with the host has enabled detailed evaluation of several interesting pathways and novel targets.

Receptor affinity and potency of non-steroidal antiandrogens: translation of preclinical findings into clinical activity.

The non-steroidal antiandrogens flutamide (Eulexin((R))), nilutamide (Anandron((R))) and bicalutamide (Casodex((R))) are widely used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, particularly in combination with castration. The naturally occurring ligand 5alpha-DHT has higher binding affinity at the androgen receptor than the non-steroidal antiandrogens. Bicalutamide has an affinity two to four times higher than 2-hydroxyflutamide, the active metabolite of flutamide, and around two times higher than nilutamide for wild-type rat and human prostate androgen receptors.

Bangerter foils in the treatment of moderate amblyopia.

Purpose: To investigate Bangerter foils as an alternative method of treating amblyopia.

Patients And Methods: Thirty-three amblyopic children with vision of 20/60 or better in the amblyopic eye were treated with Bangerter foils. The foils were used as primary treatment in 15 patients and after initial occlusion therapy in 18 patients.

Nonsteroidal progestins and antiprogestins related to flutamide.

From the dual progestin/antiandrogenic properties of certain synthetic steroids (e.g. cyproterone acetate), it was apparent that the progesterone (P) and androgen (A) receptors must have some common ligand binding features.

Prospects for the treatment of endocrine-responsive tumours.

Much has been achieved over the last 30 years to improve the treatment of hormone-dependent cancer of the breast, ovary and prostate. The development of the antioestrogen tamoxifen (Nolvadex) spear-headed a range of drugs that counter the growth-promoting action of the female and male sex steroid hormones. An important additional benefit of endocrine therapies has been their low toxicity compared with conventional cancer chemotherapy thereby providing effective treatment with few serious side-effects and a sustained quality of life.

Prostate specific antigen decreases after withdrawal of antiandrogen therapy with bicalutamide or flutamide in patients receiving combined androgen blockade.

Purpose: We determined whether decreases in prostate specific antigen (PSA) would occur after withdrawal of double-blinded antiandrogen therapy with flutamide or bicalutamide for clinical progression or increasing PSA concentration in patients receiving combined androgen blockade for advanced prostate cancer.

Materials And Methods: PSA concentrations were determined weekly for at least 6 weeks and then every other week for 6 weeks in 22 patients with stage D2 prostate cancer. All patients were withdrawn from antiandrogen therapy (8 flutamide and 14 bicalutamide) due to progression or an increasing PSA concentration.

Casodex (bicalutamide): overview of a new antiandrogen developed for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Casodex (bicalutamide, Zeneca Ltd), has been developed for prostate cancer therapy. Its preclinical, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, clinical efficacy and tolerability data are described. Casodex is a potent and specific non-steroidal antiandrogen.

The development of Casodex (bicalutamide): preclinical studies.

Casodex (bicalutamide, Zeneca Limited) was developed for the treatment of prostate cancer from a series of nonsteroidal compounds related to flutamide. Casodex is a selective antiandrogen that binds to rat, dog and human prostate androgen receptors, and has approximately a 4-fold higher affinity for the rat androgen receptor than hydroxyflutamide, the active metabolite of flutamide. Casodex also binds to androgen receptors found in the LNCaP human prostate tumour and the Shionogi S115 mouse mammary tumour cell line, as well as androgen receptors transfected into CV-1 and HeLa cells.

The preclinical development of bicalutamide: pharmacodynamics and mechanism of action.

OBJECTIVES. To describe the preclinical development of bicalutamide and clarify its pharmacodynamics and mechanisms of action. Bicalutamide was developed from a series of nonsteroidal compounds related to flutamide that showed a range of pharmacologic activity from full androgen agonist to pure antiandrogen, including progestational and antiprogestational properties.

Effects of luteolytic doses of prostaglandin F2 alpha and cloprostenol on concentrations of progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, glucose, insulin, growth hormone, thyroxine, prolactin and cortisol in jugular plasma of lactating dairy cows.

Three groups of five lactating dairy cows in the mid-luteal phases of oestrous cycles were given an injection (at time 0 h) of the naturally-occurring prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) or cloprostenol (a synthetic analogue of PGE2 alpha) at doses recommended for inducing luteolysis, or injection vehicle. Concentrations of glucose and hormones in jugular plasma were measured from 26 h before to 12 h after the injections and the significance (P < 0.05) of the effects of the prostaglandins on these concentrations was determined.

Effects of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist 'Zoladex' upon pituitary and gonadal function in hypogonadal (hpg) male mice: a comparison with normal male and testicular feminized (tfm) mice.

Hypogonadal (hpg) mutant mice, with a congenital deficiency of hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and testicular feminized (tfm) mice, which lack a functional androgen receptor, were used to study the effects of the potent GnRH agonist 'Zoladex' (ICI 118630; D-Ser (Bu(t))6, Azgly10-GnRH) on pituitary and gonadal function. Zoladex (0.5 mg) in a sustained-release lactide-glycolide copolymer depot was administered subcutaneously under anaesthesia and was left in place for 7 days, after which time the effects of the drug upon pituitary and serum gonadotrophin concentrations, glycoprotein hormone subunit mRNAs and testicular morphology were investigated.

Use of the nonsteroidal anti-androgen Casodex in advanced prostatic carcinoma.

Pure anti-androgens have advantages over steroidal anti-androgens of the cyproterone acetate type in the treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer because they do not have steroidal side effects or such a marked inhibitory effect on libido. In addition, the long half-life of a pure anti-androgen such as Casodex results in maintenance of high serum anti-androgen concentrations, which allays concern over the clinical significance of any small rise in serum testosterone concentrations. The anti-androgen of choice for the treatment of androgen-responsive diseases has yet to be defined.

A new extra long acting depot preparation of the LHRH analogue Zoladex. First endocrinological and pharmacokinetic data in patients with advanced prostate cancer.

A new depot formulation of the LHRH analogue Zoladex (goserelin acetate) has been developed which releases the drug over a period of at least 3 months as judged by measurement of drug content in depots at intervals after insertion in male rats and by the suppression of oestrogen secretion and oestrus in female rats. This formulation is based on the lactide/glycolide polymer system used for the standard 1-month Zoladex depot, but the dose has been increased to 10.8 mg and the characteristics have been modified to enable a longer release of drug to be achieved.