Correction: AMPK-Activated Protein Kinase Suppresses Ccr2 Expression by Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway in RAW264.7 Macrophages.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Results of a Treat-and-Eextend Regimen of Intravitreal Ranibizumab Injection for Macular Edema due to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion.

To investigate the effectiveness of a treat-and-extend regimen (TAE) of intravitreal ranibizumab injections (IVR) for macular edema (ME) due to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). We retrospectively examined 35 eyes of 35 patients with ME due to BRVO who underwent TAE for 1 year. Patients whose treatment interval extended to 12 weeks were switched to a pro re nata regimen (PRN; TAE to PRN group), while TAE was continued for patients whose treatment interval was less than 12 weeks (continued TAE group).

Autologous Internal Limiting Membrane Transplants Successfully Close a Large Parafoveal Retinal Hole.

　Parafoveal retinal holes (PRHs) are one of the complications that can occur after internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling during macular surgery. Here we describe a patient in whom an exceptionally large PRH (1,069-μm dia.) was successfully closed by repeated autologous ILM transplantation.

Surgical Outcome of Idiopathic Epiretinal Membranes with Intraretinal Cystic Spaces.

Objective: To investigate the occurrence ratio, localization, and surgical outcomes of intraretinal cystic spaces in idiopathic epiretinal membranes (ERMs).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 432 eyes of 398 consecutive patients with idiopathic ERM who underwent vitrectomy and ERM peeling from January 2012 to September 2015. We selected cases with intraretinal cystic space prior to surgery, detected by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

One-year outcomes of a treat-and-extend regimen of intravitreal aflibercept for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

Purpose: To evaluate the 1-year treatment outcomes of intravitreal aflibercept injections (IVA) using a treat-and-extend regimen for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).

Methods: Thirty-seven eyes with treatment-naive PCV treated with IVA using a treat-and-extend regimen for 1 year were reviewed retrospectively. The main outcome measures were changes in the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT), and the treatment interval at 1 year.

Factors Affecting Choroidal Vascular Density in Normal Eyes: Quantification Using En Face Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose: To quantify the vascular density of the choroid of normal eyes and to identify the influencing factors using en face images obtained with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS OCT).

Design: Prospective cross-sectional study.

Methods: One hundred and sixty-three eyes of 163 healthy volunteers (83 female; mean age 42.

Efficacy of vitrectomy and inner limiting membrane peeling in age-related macular degeneration resistant to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, with vitreomacular traction or epiretinal membrane.

Purpose: We assessed the efficacy of vitrectomy and inner limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, followed by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, anti-VEGF-resistant age-related macular degeneration (AMD) due to vitreomacular traction (VMT) or epiretinal membrane (ERM).

Methods: We identified six patients with anti-VEGF-resistant AMD due to VMT or ERM amongst a total of 588 patients with AMD (821 eyes) referred to Okayama University Hospital between February 2012 and May 2014. These patients underwent vitrectomy to release the VMT (4 cases) or remove the ERM (2 cases), along with ILM peeling.

AMPK-Activated Protein Kinase Suppresses Ccr2 Expression by Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway in RAW264.7 Macrophages.

C-C chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2) is a key pro-inflammatory marker of classic (M1) macrophage activation. Although Ccr2 is known to be expressed both constitutively and inductively, the full regulatory mechanism of its expression remains unclear. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is not only a master regulator of energy homeostasis but also a central regulator of inflammation.

EGF-like-domain-7 is required for VEGF-induced Akt/ERK activation and vascular tube formation in an ex vivo angiogenesis assay.

EGFL7 is a secreted angiogenic factor, which in contrast to the well-known secreted angiogenic molecules VEGF and FGF-2, is almost exclusively expressed by endothelial cells and may act in an autocrine fashion. Prior studies have shown EGFL7 to mediate its angiogenic effects by interfering with the Notch pathway and/or via the intronic miR126. Less is known about its effects on VEGF signaling.

Orbital emphysema causing syncope.

Orbital emphysema is an abnormal condition in which air is present within the orbit. We report a rare case of a 19-year-old man who suffered syncopic attacks caused by sniffles following orbital emphysema as a result of trauma. Treating rhinitis is important in patients with orbital emphysema, and patients with cardiac disorders in addition to those with this condition must be warned about the risks of sniffles, sneezing, or nose blowing.

Glycocalyx degradation in retinal and choroidal capillary endothelium in rats with diabetes and hypertension.

Endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) has been reported as a protective factor for vascular endothelial cells (VEC) in diabetes and hypertension. However, the involvement of GCX impairment in ocular vasculopathy remains unclear. We evaluated the changes in the GCX thicknesses of the retinal and choroidal capillaries in rats with diabetes and hypertension by cationic colloidal iron staining using a transmission electron microscope.