A novel Mycobacterium Tuberculosis antigen, MTB48 enhances inflammatory response in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage immune cells.

Mtb (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes tuberculosis infection (TB). Mtb-secreted proteins have recently been investigated as virulence factors, as well as therapeutic and vaccine possibilities. The early-secreted antigen target MTB48 is one of these proteins that has been explored as a cocktail antigen in the serodiagnosis of active tuberculosis.

GM1a ganglioside-binding domain peptide inhibits host adhesion and inflammatory response of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-B in HCT-8 cells.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of illness and death but has no effective therapy. The heat-labile enterotoxin LT is a significant virulence factor produced by ETEC. The heat-labile enterotoxin-B (LT-B) subunit may enter host cells by binding to monosialotetrahexosylganglioside-a (GM1a), a monosialoganglioside found on the plasma membrane surface of animal epithelial cells.

Up-regulation of inflammatory reactions by MPT32, a secreted protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in RAW264.7 macrophages.

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and is still one of the global health burdens. The occurrence of various cases and multidrug resistance confirm that TB has not been completely conquered. For these reasons, the present research has been conducted to explore TB vaccine and drug candidate possibility using Mtb-secreted proteins.

Naturally-Occurring Tyrosinase Inhibitors Classified by Enzyme Kinetics and Copper Chelation.

Currently, there are three major assaying methods used to validate in vitro whitening activity from natural products: methods using mushroom tyrosinase, human tyrosinase, and dopachrome tautomerase (or tyrosinase-related protein-2, TRP-2). Whitening agent development consists of two ways, melanin synthesis inhibition in melanocytes and downregulation of melanocyte stimulation. For melanin levels, the melanocyte cell line has been used to examine melanin synthesis with the expression levels of TRP-1 and TRP-2.

Revisited Metabolic Control and Reprogramming Cancers by Means of the Warburg Effect in Tumor Cells.

Aerobic glycolysis is an emerging hallmark of many human cancers, as cancer cells are defined as a "metabolically abnormal system". Carbohydrates are metabolically reprogrammed by its metabolizing and catabolizing enzymes in such abnormal cancer cells. Normal cells acquire their energy from oxidative phosphorylation, while cancer cells acquire their energy from oxidative glycolysis, known as the "Warburg effect".

Mycobacterium tuberculosis glycolipoprotein LprG inhibits inflammation through NF-κB signaling of ERK1/2 and JNK in LPS-induced murine macrophage cells.

Mycobacterium tuberoculosis (Mtb) is a contagious pathogen that causes human tuberculosis (TB). TB is a major global health threat that causes 9.6 million illnesses and 1.

Avenanthramide C Suppresses Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression and Migration Through the MAPK/NF- κB Signaling Pathway in TNF-α-Activated HASMC Cells.

In oat ingredients, flavonoids and phenolic acids are known to be the most important phenolic compounds. In phenolic compounds, wide-ranging biological responses, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-cancer properties, were reported. Avenanthramide C (Avn C), a component of the phenolic compound of oats, has been reported to be highly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, but its role in an anti-atherosclerosis response is unknown.

4-O-methylascochlorin attenuates inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

Inflammation is implicated in various diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Ascochlorin (ASC) and its derivatives have been shown to modulate inflammatory responses in many previous studies. However, the effects of 4-O-methylascochlorin (MAC), one of the ASC derivatives, on inflammatory responses have yet to be reported.

Regulation of human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (hST6Gal I) gene expression during differentiation of human osteoblastic MG-63 cells.

In this study, we found that gene expression of the human β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase (hST6Gal I) was specifically increased during differentiation of human MG-63 osteoblastic cells by serum starvation (SS). In parallel, a distinct increase in binding to SNA, the α2,6-sialyl-specific lectin, was observed in serum-starved cells, as demonstrated by FACS analysis. 5'-Rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis demonstrated that the increase of hST6Gal I transcript by SS is mediated by P1 promoter.

3'-sialyllactose targets cell surface protein, SIGLEC-3, and induces megakaryocyte differentiation and apoptosis by lipid raft-dependent endocytosis.

3'-sialyllactose is one of the abundant components in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that protect infants from various viral infections in early stages of immune system development. 3SL is a combination of lactose and sialic acid. Most sialic acids are widely expressed in animal cells and they bind to siglec proteins.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Secreted Protein, ESAT-6, Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced MMP-9 Expression and Inflammation Through NF-κB and MAPK Signaling in RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells.

-20pt?>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes contagious tuberculosis (TB). Recently, Mtb-secreted proteins have been considered virulence factors and candidates for drugs and vaccines. Among these proteins, 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) is known to be able to induce component of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in epithelial cells, leading to recruitment of macrophages.

Mitogen-Induced Interferon Gamma Production in Human Whole Blood: The Effect of Heat and Cations.

Background: Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are blood tests used to measure the amount of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) released by T lymphocytes after stimulation by antigens specific for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. A mitogen serves as a positive control to assess the immune function in IGRAs.

Methods: This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate IFN-γ production by human whole blood stimulated with heat-treated and/or cation-supplemented phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), using QuantiFERON-TB Gold Kit ELISA tests.

4--Carboxymethylascochlorin Inhibits Expression Levels of on Inflammation-Related Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Through NF-κB/MAPK/TLR4 Signaling Pathway in LPS-Activated RAW264.7 Cells.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are known to play important roles in inflammatory diseases such as arteriosclerosis and plaque instability. The purpose of this study was to perform the effect of 4--carboxymethylascochlorin (AS-6) on MMP-9 expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophages and signaling pathway involved in its anti-inflammatory effect. Effect of AS-6 on MAPK/NF-κB/TLR4 signaling pathway in LPS-activated murine macrophages was examined using ELISA, Western blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and fluorescence immunoassay.

Esculentoside B inhibits inflammatory response through JNK and downstream NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-triggered murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.

Natural compound esculentoside B (EsB), (2S,4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11S,12aR,14bS)-11-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2 methoxycarbonyl-2,6a,6b,9,12a-pentamethyl-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid with molecular weight of 664.833, isolated from roots of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb has been widely used as a constituent of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the anti-inflammatory capacity of EsB has not been reported yet.

Esculentoside H inhibits colon cancer cell migration and growth through suppression of MMP-9 gene expression via NF-kB signaling pathway.

A water-soluble saponin, Esculentoside H (EsH), 3-O-(O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-xylopyranosyl)-28-β-d-glucopyranosylphytolaccagenin has been isolated and purified from the root extract of perennial plant Phytolacca esculenta. EsH is known to be an anticancer compound, having a capacity for TNF-α release. However, the effects of EsH on migration and growth in tumor cells have not yet been reported.

4-O-carboxymethylascochlorin protected against microglial-mediated neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and BV2 cocultured cells from LPS-induced neuroinflammation and death by inhibiting MAPK, NF-κB, and Akt pathways.

In our previous studies, structurally similar compounds of ascochlorin and ascofuranone exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. Neural inflammation plays a significant role in the commence and advancement of neurodegenerative diseases. It is not known whether 4-O-carboxymethylascochlorin (AS-6) regulates the initial stage of inflammatory responses at the cellular level in BV2 microglia cells.

Transcriptional Activation of Human GD3 Synthase (hST8Sia I) Gene in Curcumin-Induced Autophagy in A549 Human Lung Carcinoma Cells.

Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound isolated from the plant , is known to induce autophagy in various cancer cells, including lung cancer. In the present study, we also confirmed by LC3 immunofluorescence and immunoblotting analyses that curcumin triggers autophagy in the human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line. In parallel with autophagy induction, the gene expression of human GD3 synthase (hST8Sia I) responsible for ganglioside GD3 synthesis was markedly elevated in response to curcumin in the A549 cells.

Induction of GD3/α1-adrenergic receptor/transglutaminase 2-mediated erythroid differentiation in chronic myelogenous leukemic K562 cells.

The disialic acid-containing glycosphingolipid GD3 recruited membrane transglutaminase 2 (TG2) as a signaling molecule for erythroid differentiation in human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) K562 cells. The α1-adrenergic receptor (α1-AR)/TG2-mediated signaling pathway regulated GD3 functions, including gene expression and production, to differentiate CML K562 cells into erythroid lineage cells. Epinephrine, an AR agonist, increased membrane recruitment as well as GTP-photoaffinity of TG2, inducing GD3 synthase gene expression.

Sialyllactose suppresses angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGFR-2 activation, and tumor progression.

The oligosaccharides in human milk have various biological functions. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the anti-angiogenic action of sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are still unclear. Here, we show that siallylactose (SL) found in human milk can inhibit the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) by binding to its VEGF binding site (second and third IgG-like domains), thus blocking downstream signal activation.

Ganglioside GM3 suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in rAW 264.7 macrophage cells through NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPKs signaling.

Gangliosides are known to specifically inhibit vascular leukocyte recruitment and consequent interaction with the injured endothelium, the basic inflammatory process. In this study, we have found that the production of nitric oxide (NO), a main regulator of inflammation, is suppressed by GM3 on murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, when induced by LPS.

Ascofuranone inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response via NF-kappaB and AP-1, p-ERK, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

The natural fungal compound ascofuranone (5-chloro-3-[(2E,6E)-7-[(2S)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-3-methyl-octa-2,6-dienyl]-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-benzaldehyde, MW 420.93) (AF) isolated from Ascochyta viciae has been known to promote cell cycle arrest and inhibit invasion of tumor cells. We have previously studied a structurally similar compound ascochlorin (ASC; MW 404.

Jellyfish extract induces apoptotic cell death through the p38 pathway and cell cycle arrest in chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells.

Jellyfish species are widely distributed in the world's oceans, and their population is rapidly increasing. Jellyfish extracts have several biological functions, such as cytotoxic, anti-microbial, and antioxidant activities in cells and organisms. However, the anti-cancer effect of Jellyfish extract has not yet been examined.

Monosialyl Ganglioside GM3 Decreases Apolipoprotein B-100 Secretion in Liver Cells.

Some sialic acid-containing glycolipids are known to regulate development of atherosclerosis with accumulated plasma apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo-B)-containing lipoproteins, because Apo-B as an atherogenic apolipoprotein is assembled mainly in VLDL and LDL. Previously, we have elucidated that disialyl GD3 promotes the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) gene expression and secretion of triglyceride (TG)-assembled ApoB, claiming the GD3 role in ApoB lipoprotein secretion in liver cells. In the synthetic pathway of gangliosides, GD3 is synthesized by addition of a sialic acid residue to GM3.

Oldenlandia diffusa suppresses metastatic potential through inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression via p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK pathways and induces apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.

Ethnopharmacology Relevance: Oldenlandia diffusa (OD) has long been known as an apoptotic inducer in breast tumors in ethnomedicine.

Aim Of The Study: To scientifically confirm the anti-breast cancer effects of water, methanol (MeOH) and butanol (BuOH) extracts of O. diffusa on cell apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and intracellular signaling in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.