Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY immunoreactivities in the pancreas of various vertebrates.

NPY-like immunoreactivity was observed in nerve fibers and endocrine cells in pancreas of all species examined except the eel, which showed no NPY innervation. The density of NPY-positive nerve fibers was higher in mammals than in the lower vertebrates. These nerve fibers were distributed throughout the parenchyma, and were particularly associated with the pancreatic duct and vascular walls.

Localization of human placental glucose transporter 1 during pregnancy. An immunohistochemical study.

To elucidate the potential roles of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) in human placenta during pregnancy, we examined the localization of GLUT1 in human placenta at various stages by immunohistochemistry with an anti-GLUT1 antibody by use of both light and electron microscopy. Specific staining for GLUT1 was localized on the apical brush border and along the basal plasma membrane of the syncytiotrophoblasts. The staining at the apical side was more intense than that at the basal side during the early stages of gestation.

Change in subcellular localization of gastrin-like immunoreactivity in epithelial cells of rat duodenum induced by carbachol.

The present study provides morphological evidence to support the contention of exocrine secretion from duodenal gastrin-containing cells. The isolated vascularly perfused duodenal preparation with or without carbachol stimulation was used. At the end of perfusion, tissue was fixed and prepared for electron microscopic examination.

Effect of capsaicin on release of substance P-like immunoreactivity from vascularly perfused rat duodenum.

The release of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) from the rat duodenum was investigated using an in situ vascularly perfused preparation. Results show that the basal release of SPLI was measurable and significantly enhanced by the administration of both 1,3, and 10 microM of capsaicin, indicating that SPLI is present in capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerve fibers. It is concluded that the present model may be useful for the study of the control of duodenal release of SPLI.

Effect of carbachol on the release of peptide YY from isolated vascularly and luminally perfused rat ileum.

Possible cholinergic control on the release of PYY from intestine into the lumen or blood vessel was studied by radioimmunoassay in the isolated perfused rat ileum. The basal release of PYY into the lumen was 43.1 +/- 8.

Transient expression of [D-Ala2] deltorphin I-like immunoreactivity in prenatal rat small intestine.

We studied the distribution of immunoreactive elements for [D-Ala2] deltorphin I (DADTI), a delta-opioid receptor ligand, in fetal and postnatal rat small intestine. DADTI-like immunoreactive cells were detected transiently on embryonic Days 20 and 21. Electron microscopic examination revealed that positive staining occurred in mucous epithelial cells, either mature goblet cells or undifferentiated cells containing only a few mucous granules.

Localization of [D-Ala2]deltorphin I-like immunoreactivity in perinatal rat respiratory system.

The localization of [D-Ala2]deltorphin I, a delta-opioid receptor ligand, was studied in the lower respiratory tract of developing rats using an immunohistochemical method. [D-Ala2]-like immunoreactive cells were detected first in the principal bronchus as early as embryonic day 16. As embryos grew, positive cells became gradually visible everywhere from principal bronchi to respiratory bronchioles.

Effect of reserpine on 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP)-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain.

By immunohistochemistry of rat brain in conjunction with a specific antibody against 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), we examined immunoreactivity to 5HTP in neurons, from which 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT; serotonin) was depleted by reserpine treatment. The distribution patterns of 5HTP-positive neurons overlapped with those of 5HT neurons. Treatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg, 90 min before death) caused a complete suppression of 5HT-positive staining, but 5HTP-immunostaining remained in perikarya of the nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior and obscurus.

Demonstration of [D-Ala2]deltorphin I-like immunoreactivity in mucosal epithelial cells of the rat gastrointestinal tract.

Using a specific antiserum to [D-Ala2]deltorphin I (DADTI), a delta-opioid receptor ligand, the localization of positive structures was studied in rat gastrointestinal tract by immunocytochemistry. Immunoreactive staining was not detected in the stomach, colon, or neuronal elements of any gastrointestinal tissue. However, positive cells were distributed in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Substance P-containing axon terminals in the mucosa of the human urinary bladder: pre-embedding immunohistochemistry using cryostat sections for electron microscopy.

The ultrastructure of substance P (SP)-containing axon terminals in the mucosa of the human urinary bladder was studied. Numerous SP-immunoreactive varicose nerve fibers were seen in the lamina propria, and most of them ran freely in the connective tissue. Many SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed beneath the epithelium, and perivascular SP-immunoreactive nerves were also found in the submucosal layer.

Effect of carbachol on luminal release of somatostatin from isolated perfused rat duodenum.

The dynamic release of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) from duodenum into the lumen was studied in the isolated, vascularly perfused rat duodenum. The luminal release of duodenal SLI was stimulated by a cholinergic agonist, carbachol, and the carbachol-induced release of SLI was completely blocked by atropine, but not by hexamethonium. These data suggest that the luminal release of SLI from rat duodenum is under the control of a cholinergic muscarinic stimulation.

Effect of lateral hypothalamic area lesions on serotonin-containing epithelial cells in rat duodenum.

The aphagic effect of lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) lesions induced by kainic acid injection on serotonin (5HT)-containing epithelial cells in rat duodenum was studied in comparison with food deprived rats. The densities of 5HT cells were evaluated by quantitative morphometry using fluorescent histochemical longitudinal sections. The levels of 5HT/mg tissue were determined by HPLC on acid extracts of isolated villous epithelium.

Serotonin-containing epithelial cells in rat duodenum. II. Quantitative study of the effect of 5HTP administration.

The effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) administration on serotonin (5HT)-containing epithelial cells in rat duodenum was investigated quantitatively using three-dimensional morphometry to determine cell density and HPLC to measure 5HT and 5HTP concentrations. The results are interpreted in terms of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) capacity of the cells. After administration of 5HTP, no significant change was observed in the density of 5HT-fluorescent epithelial cells in the duodenal region examined.

Serotonin-containing epithelial cells in rat duodenum. I. Quantitative morphometric study of the distribution density.

Serotonin (5HT)-containing epithelial cells in rat duodenum were studied quantitatively by three-dimensional morphometric analysis. Longitudinal sections covering the whole length of rat duodenum were stained by either 5HT immunohistochemistry or by glyoxylic acid fluorescent histochemistry. Three-dimensional values for positive cell density, namely the number of 5HT cells per unit volume of the epithelium, were obtained by stereological morphometry with the aid of a computer-assisted image analyzer.

Monoaminergic interaction in the central nervous system: a morphological analysis in the locus coeruleus of the rat.

The locus coeruleus of the rat is richly innervated by many aminergic neurons varying in amine content and in site of origin. There are adrenergic and noradrenergic neurons originating in the medulla oblongata, dopaminergic from the hypothalamus, serotonergic from the mesencephalon and also intrinsic noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus complex. Of these, adrenergic and dopaminergic inputs appear relatively specific and powerful.

Serotonin neurons and their physiological roles.

Anatomical and functional aspects of serotonin (5HT) neurons in the central nervous system are described with special reference to their neurohumoral function. The central 5HT neurons show morphological features characteristics of the modulating nervous system: a small number of cell bodies and extremely broad innervation. These may play some part in EEG arousal through the divergent projection.

Postnatal development of serotonin nerve fibers in the somatosensory cortex of mice studied by immunohistochemistry.

Postnatal serotonin (5HT) innervation in the cerebral cortex of mice has been studied by 5HT immunohistochemistry. 5HT-like immunoreactive (5HT-LI) nerve fibers and terminals appeared to increase transiently, particularly in the somatosensory (Sm) cortex during early postnatal days. As pups grow, 5HT afferent inputs decreased rapidly to reach a similar pattern of distribution to that in adult animals.

Early development of serotonin neuron in the rat brain as studied by immunohistochemistry combined with tryptophan administration.

Early differentiation of serotonin (5HT) neurons was studied by an immunohistochemical technique in the metencephalon of rat embryos of CR lengths of 6 mm to 22 mm. Pregnant dams were treated with tryptophan (100 mg/kg) and pargyline (100 mg/kg). The synthesis of 5HT after tryptophan loading first occurs at any stage in the premature cells located in the ependymal layer.