Human osteoclast formation from blood monocytes, peritoneal macrophages, and bone marrow cells.

Mononuclear precursors of the human osteoclast have been identified in both bone marrow and the circulation in man, but osteoclast membership of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and its precise cellular ontogeny remain controversial. We isolated human hematopoietic marrow cells, blood monocytes, and peritoneal macrophages and incubated each of these cell populations with UMR106 osteoblast-like cells on glass coverslips and dentine slices in both the presence and absence of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and dexamethasone. Cells isolated from peripheral blood and peritoneal dialysis fluid were positive only for monocyte/macrophage markers (CD11a, CD11b, CD14, and HLA-DR) and negative for osteoclast markers [tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), vitronectin reception (VNR), and calcitonin (CT) receptors and did not form resorption pits on dentine slices after 24 hours in culture.

Production of a monoclonal antibody reacted broadly with feline calicivirus field isolates.

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) reactive with 36 field isolates and 2 laboratory strains of feline calicivirus (FCV) was produced by immunizing mice with the mixture of FCVs. The MAb (4D7) reacted with FCVs in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), but had no neutralizing activity against the F4 strain of FCV. MAb 8G1, previously produced against the FCV F4 strain, also reacted in ELISA with all FCVs used in the present study.

Human arthroplasty derived macrophages differentiate into osteoclastic bone resorbing cells.

Objective: In aseptic loosening, a heavy macrophage response to biomaterial wear particles is commonly found in arthroplasty tissues. The aim of this study was to discover if these cells contribute to the bone resorption of aseptic loosening by differentiating into osteoclasts.

Methods: Macrophages were isolated from the pseudocapsule and pseudomembrane of loose cemented and uncemented hip arthroplasties at the time of revision surgery and then co-cultured on glass coverslips and dentine slices with UMR 106 rat osteoblast-like cells, both in the presence and absence of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3].

Cutaneous lesions in broiler chickens spontaneously affected with Marek's disease.

A total of 91 8- to 9-week-old broiler chickens with Marek's disease (MD) skin tumours ("skin leukosis"), collected from 15 farms at the processing plants, were examined pathologically. Grossly, the skin lesions comprised various sizes and numbers of feather follicular nodules, which tended to fuse with each other as their size increased. Histologically, the lesions were classified into five types: type A was small lymphoid cell aggregates (LCA) consisting mostly of small lymphocytes with a few lymphoblasts and very rare mitotic figures; type B had large LCA consisting mainly of small lymphocytes with considerable numbers of lymphoblasts and very rare mitotic figures; type C was characterized by large coalesced LCA consisting almost equally of small lymphocytes and lymphoblasts with infrequent mitotic figures; type D exhibited very large coalesced LCA consisting mainly of lymphoblasts with some small lymphocytes and occasional mitotic figures; type E had very large coalesced LCA consisting almost completely of lymphoblasts with frequent mitotic figures.

Rodent osteoblast-like cells support osteoclastic differentiation of human cord blood monocytes in the presence of M-CSF and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Fracture repair requires the involvement of osteoclasts (OC), multinucleated cells which are responsible for bone resorption and form by fusion of circulating mononuclear haemopoietic precursors. The nature of these circulating precursor cells, in particular their relationship to blood monocytes, is uncertain. To define further the nature of the circulating human OC precursor, and to determine the role bone stromal cells and humoral factors play in the differentiation of OCs, we co-cultured human umbilical cord blood monocytes with UMR106.

Radio-opaque agents in bone cement increase bone resorption.

A heavy infiltrate of foreign-body macrophages is commonly seen in the fibrous membrane which surrounds an aseptically loose cemented implant. This is in response to particles of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement and other biomaterials. We have previously shown that monocytes and macrophages responding to particles of bone cement are capable of differentiating into osteoclastic cells which resorb bone.

Increased osteoclastic differentiation by PMMA particle-associated macrophages. Inhibitory effect by interleukin 4 and leukemia inhibitory factor.

To determine the influence of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) wear particles on macrophage-osteoclast differentiation, PMMA particles were added to mouse monocytes which were cocultured with UMR 106 osteoblast-like cells in the presence of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3] for up to 7 days on glass coverslips and for up to 14 days on human cortical bone slices. An increase in osteoclast differentiation, as evidenced by the expression of the osteoclast-associated enzyme tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and the extent of lacunar bone resorption, was observed in monocyte cultures to which PMMA had been added. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) added to these cocultures caused considerably less expression of TRAP and significant inhibition of lacunar bone resorption.

Human osteoclast formation and bone resorption by monocytes and synovial macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective: To determine whether synovial macrophages and monocytes isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis patients are capable of differentiating into osteoclastic bone resorbing cells; and the cellular and humoral conditions required for this to occur.

Methods: Macrophages isolated from the synovium and monocytes from the peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients were cultured on bone slices and coverslips, in the presence and absence of UMR 106 rat osteoblast-like cells, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and assessed for cytochemical and functional evidence of osteoclast differentiation.

Results: Isolated calcitonin receptor (CTR), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and vitronectin receptor (VNR) negative, CD11b and CD14 positive monocytes and macrophages differentiated into CTR, TRAP, and VNR positive multinucleated cells capable of extensive lacunar bone resorption when co-cultured for 14 d with UMR 106 cells in the presence 1,25(OH)2D3 and M-CSF.

The human osteoclast precursor circulates in the monocyte fraction.

The osteoclast is known to be formed by fusion of circulating mononuclear precursor cells of haematopoietic origin. The precise nature of these circulating cells and, in particular, their relation to monocytes is unknown. We have developed an in vitro system of human osteoclast formation whereby human monocytes [CD14, CD11a, CD11b and HLA-DR positive, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), calcitonin receptor (CTR), vitronectin receptor (VNR) negative] were isolated and cocultured for up to 21 days with UMR106 rat osteoblast-like cells or ST2 mouse preadipocytic bone marrow stromal cells in the presence of 1 alpha, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF).

Human monoclonal rheumatoid factors augment arthritis in mice by the activation of T cells.

In order to investigate the in vivo role of rheumatoid factor (RF), the effects of the administration of human monoclonal (m) IgM-RF and IgG-RF on the development of arthritis in mice were examined. The administration of human mRFs into mice immunized with type II collagen (CII) markedly enhanced the clinical score and paw swelling. The severity of arthritic joint disease with a marked infiltration of lymphoid cells, proliferation of synovial membrane, pannus formation and destruction of articular cartilage was significantly enhanced in both groups receiving RF (RF-enhanced arthritis).

Bone resorption by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinuclear cells isolated from rheumatoid synovium.

Inflammatory reactions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often cause severe joint destruction. However, the mechanism of bone destruction is still a matter of controversy. To determine whether multinuclear cells found in the rheumatoid synovium can resorb bone, isolated synovial cells were assessed for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and the ability to resorb bone in a dentine resorption assay.

Pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant of feline herpesvirus type 1 in cats.

We constructed a recombinant feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) which was deleted in a defined region (450 bp) within the thymidine kinase (TK) gene (C7301dlTK) [Yokoyama et al. (1995) J Vet Med Sci 57: 709-714]. In this report, we carried out two experiments to assess the pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy of the recombinant C7301dlTK in cats.

Grafted bone used in acetabular reconstruction: assessment by SPECT scintigraphy.

Objective: To investigate incorporation of the grafted bone used for acetabular reconstruction.

Design: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was carried out at the 1st, 6th, and 12th month after the operation and the uptakes on serial SPECT scintigrams were normalized. The horizontal histogram of scintigraphic activity at the level of the central grafted bone in the coronal image was designated the profile curve.

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist production in cultured synovial cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Objective: To measure the amounts of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) protein produced by cultured synovial cells obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods: Synovial cells obtained from patients with either RA or OA were cultured and the supernatants were measured for IL-1ra by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: The synovial cells obtained from patients with RA produced significantly smaller amounts of IL-1ra than did those obtained from patients with OA, in a late passage (third to fifth) without stimulation and a first passage both with and without stimulation (p < 0.

[Stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) level in the sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases--clinical significances in early onset rheumatoid arthritis].

Stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) is a metalloproteinase that degrades articular cartilage matrix in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We measured MMP-3 in the sera from patients with RA and other connective tissue diseases using specific sandwich EIA and studied its clinical significance in early onset RA. MMP-3 level in healthy control (n = 170) was significantly higher in male than in female.

Bipolar hip arthroplasty without acetabular bone-grafting for dysplastic osteoarthritis. Results after 6-9 years.

The authors report the clinical and radiographic results of 36 bipolar hip arthroplasties after performing excavation of the steep and shallow acetabulum without acetabular bone-grafting for dysplastic osteoarthritis. The procedures were carried out between 1981 and 1985. Survivorship analysis showed that 84.

Increased IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) production and decreased IL-1 beta/IL-1ra ratio in mononuclear cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients.

In order to investigate the possible role of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), this study was undertaken to measure the amounts of IL-1ra and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) protein produced by mononuclear cells (MNC) and to investigate the relationship between production of these cytokines and clinical parameters. The MNC were cultured for 24 h and the supernatants were measured for IL-1ra and IL-1 beta by ELISA kits. MNC from peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid of RA patients produced significantly higher amounts of IL-1ra than normal PBMNC (P < 0.

Differential inhibition of T and B cell responses to individual antigenic determinants in orally tolerized mice.

Immunological tolerance of systemic immunity can be induced by the oral administration of an exogenous antigen, which is termed oral tolerance. We examined whether there was a difference in the degree of tolerance between individual antigenic determinants in oral tolerance. Feeding bovine alpha s1-casein, a major protein in cow's milk, as a constituent of the diet induces oral tolerance in mice.

Effect of oxytocin and indomethacin on the estrous cycle of goats.

The effect of oxytocin and indomethacin on luteal function during the estrous cycle in goats was investigated. Daily subcutaneous administration of oxytocin given on days 12-15 of the estrous cycle had no effect on length of the cycle or concentrations of progesterone and estradiol-17 beta. Oxytocin given on days 3-6 shortened the cycle and decreased concentrations of progesterone, but increased the estradiol-17 beta to levels similar to seen at estrus.

Estimation of xyloglucan in vegetables by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

We prepared the antibody specific against plant xyloglucan and applied it to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in order to estimate xyloglucan contents in several vegetables. In this experiment, xyloglucan was detected in the 24% aqueous potassium hydroxide-soluble fractions of tomato, cabbage, lettuce, and eggplant. The xyloglucan contents of these vegetables were estimated to be 1.

Association of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ antigens with congenital dislocation and dysplastic osteoarthritis of the hip joints in Japanese people.

Objective: To investigate the frequency of HLA-DR and DQ antigens among patients with congenital dislocation of the hip joint or dysplastic osteoarthritis (OA) and to determine whether tissue typing might contribute to better understanding of these disorders.

Methods: HLA-DR and DQ typing was undertaken in 18 patients with congenital dislocation of the hip joints, 65 patients with dysplastic OA of the hip, 42 patients with primary OA of the knee, and 40 normal controls. Typing for HLA-D antigens was performed using the standard microlymphocytotoxicity method.

Nootropic candidates inhibit head-twitches induced by mescaline in mice.

The effects of various nootropic candidates on mescaline-induced head-twitches were studied in mice. The number of head-twitches induced by mescaline (100 mg/kg, s.c.