Three-dimensional movement and distribution of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) in stored wheat at different temperatures and at different times.

Understanding the movement and distribution patterns of insects is crucial for developing effective stored grain management protocols. This research investigates 3-dimensional movement and distribution of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) separately at different temperatures (5, 10, 20, and 30°C) and for different movement periods (1, 2, 3, and 24 h) in stored wheat with a uniform moisture content of 14.5% (wet basis).

The Innate Rates of Increase in Two Common Stored Grain Insects under Different Grain Storage Conditions and Times.

The determination of innate rate of increase () values under different grain storage conditions is critical for insect population predictions. The values for (Stephens) and (Herbst) were calculated by using a new suggested method (continuous time analysis) and data from the literature, and these calculated values were compared to identify the values and carrying capacities under real grain storage conditions and times. The insects were reared in small glass vials (0.

Synergistic and antagonistic effects of temperature and moisture differences on movement and distribution of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) adults in horizontal columns of wheat.

The distribution of insects in stored grain bulks is significantly influenced by temperature and moisture, or their gradients or differences. This study examined the movement and distribution of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) adults under different combinations of temperature (5 or 10°C) and moisture differences (2.5 or 5 percentage point difference) in horizontal 1 m wheat columns in 24 h.

Population dynamics of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in wheat and in wheat mixed with cracked wheat held in different types of containers.

The population dynamics of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), red flour beetle, was studied at 30 °C using long vertical columns (LVCs) (150 mm diameter and 1,020 mm long) and shallow containers (SCs) (460 mm long, 660 mm wide, and 150 mm high), containing 14 kg of whole wheat or a diet made of whole wheat and cracked wheat in 19:1 ratio by mass. The moisture content of the wheat or mixed diet was 14.5% (wb).

Response of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) adults to small temperature (0-6 °C) and moisture (1%) differences in wheat.

Insects respond to temperature and moisture and their differences or gradients in grain bulks, but how small these differences can be is unknown. Response of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) adults to 0-6 °C temperature differences in 1 m wheat (12.5% moisture content, w.

Identification of cuticular protein genes and analysis of their roles in phosphine resistance of the rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus.

The rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) is one of the most economically important stored grain pests, and it has evolved the high resistance to phosphine. Cuticular proteins (CPs) are the major structural components of insect cuticle, and previous studies have confirmed that CPs were involved in insecticide resistance. However, the CPs of C.

Biology, Ecology, and Behavior of Rusty Grain Beetle ( (Stephens)).

, the rusty grain beetle, is a cosmopolitan pest that has adapted to cool and warm climates due to its unique biology, ecology, and behavior. The rusty grain beetle is a pest of high economic importance; hence, understanding their biology, ecology, and behavior could be useful in designing effective management strategies. An extensive literature survey was conducted using the databases Web of Science and Scopus.

Survival of (Hübner) larvae treated with 98% and the life history of their next generation.

Understanding the development and reproduction of insects surviving controlled atmosphere treatment may help in developing sound pest management strategies. The developmental duration, survival percentage, and oviposition of and its generation were determined after the fifth instar larvae (the last-stage larvae) were exposed to 98% for different exposure times. The survival percentage of the last-stage larvae treated with 98% for 6, 4, 1.

Amplification refractory mutation system based real-time PCR (ARMS-qPCR) for rapid resistance characterization of Tribolium castaneum to phosphine.

Resistance of Tribolium castaneum to phosphine is related to point mutations in DNA code corresponding to amino acid changes associated with a core metabolic enzyme dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD), but the mutation patterns vary among different resistant populations. Thus, there is a great need to develop a cost-effective method to detect core mutations in T. castaneum, which would be the key factor to understand the molecular basis of phosphine resistance.

Movement and Distribution of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) Adults Under Different Temperature Differences in Different Lengths of Horizontal Grain Columns.

Understanding insect movement and distribution is critical for developing an effective insect pest management protocol. Movement and distribution of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) in response to nominal temperature differences of 5, 10, 15, and 20°C in 1- and 2-m horizontal columns filled with 12.5% moisture content wheat were studied in 24, 48, and 72 h of movement times.

Effects of Insect Density, Movement Period, and Temperature on Three-Dimensional Movement and Distribution of Adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae).

Knowledge on three-dimensional (3D) movement and distribution of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) in grain bulks assists in the prediction of their distribution inside a bin. The following experiments were conducted to determine the 3D dispersal patterns of adult C. ferrugineus in wheat with 14.

Mathematical Modeling of Population Dynamics of Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermistidae).

Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts, is one of the economically important quarantine pests that mainly feeds on food grain and proteinaceous materials. Its total development time lasts approximately 40-45 d under favorable environmental conditions. Extreme temperatures, high relative humidity (RH), high larval densities, or low food quality can induce a larval diapause, where the insect can survive for up to a few years, occasionally feeding and molting.

Three-dimensional Movement and Distribution of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) Adults in Stored Wheat Under Constant Temperatures and Moisture Contents.

Understanding the movement and distribution of insects inside a grain bin is crucial to develop an effective stored grain management protocol. The three-dimensional movement and distribution of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) at 20 and 30°C were determined in a 0.7 × 0.

Attractiveness of Male and Female Adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) to Conspecifics With and Without Grain.

Whether stored-grain insects can communicate with each other inside stored-grain bulks is an important question for the development of pest management programs. Movements of the individual adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus towards caged adult(s), in the presence or absence of wheat, were studied inside an apparatus (10 cm length), using an infrared camera. The numbers of the caged adults were 1, 20, or 50 of females or males, and 100 or 200 mixed-sex adults.

Mortality of Different Stages of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at Three Temperatures in Controlled Atmosphere of High Nitrogen.

The lethal exposure time to controlled atmospheres of high nitrogen at stored grain temperatures is an important information for control of stored-product insects. The mortality of 1-d-old egg, 1-wk-old (first or second instar) larva, 3-wk-old (fourth or fifth instar) larva, and 1-d-old pupa of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) was determined at 18 ± 1, 23 ± 1, and 28 ± 1°C in 98% N2 mixed with air. At 18°C, the lethal exposure times to achieve 100% mortality were 12.

Control of Three Species of Stored-Product Insects in Wheat Treated With Steam and Hot Air.

The effect of 105°C steam or hot air on adult mortality of three species of stored-product insect pests outside wheat kernels of 12.5, 14.5 and 16.

Influences of Stored Product Insect Movements on Integrated Pest Management Decisions.

Insect movement inside and outside grain bulks and processed products influences pest management decisions. Movement allows insects to find essential food resources, shelters (refuges), warmer and/or humid locations, mating and egg-laying sites, even when they are rare in fields, buildings, mills, warehouses, and inside grain masses. This review discussed the advantages and disadvantages of stored product insect movements, and the influence of insect mobility on some integrated pest management practices.

Static and dynamic methods to determine adsorption isotherms of hemp seed ( L.) with different percentages of dockage.

Adsorption and desorption isotherms of hemp seeds with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of dockage were determined using the salt solution static (SSS) method. The wet hemp seeds with 0% dockage were also dried at 30℃ with 50% RH, 35℃ with 30% and 50% RH, and 40℃ with 30% and 50% RH inside a thin-layer dryer (thin-layer dynamic method). The hemp seeds with different percentages of dockage showed hysteresis, and this hysteresis became more obvious with the decrease of temperature.

Demography of Rusty Grain Beetle in Stored Bulk Wheat: Part II. Mathematical Modeling to Characterize and Predict Population Dynamics.

Data collected in Part I of this study were further analyzed by using mathematical modeling methods. Out of the nine unstructured population models tested, no model could fit the insect numbers under all of the tested conditions. This analysis showed that Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) inside small patches (50 ml volume) had different characterization of population dynamics from that inside large patches (18 liter volume) and had different population demography when the insect number at the previous time was different.

Demography of Rusty Grain Beetle in Stored Bulk Wheat: Part I, Population Dynamics at Different Temperatures and Grain Bulk Sizes.

Population dynamics of rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens; Coleoptera: Cucujidae), was studied using different sizes of grain bulks (patches) at various temperatures. The temperatures were 21, 25, 30, 35°C, T-decrease (30°C in the first 4 wk and then decreased 1°C /wk), and T-increase (21°C in the first 2 wk and then increased 1°C /wk). Number of adults and offspring and infested wheat kernels were counted every 4 wk up to 24 wk (31 wk for the T-decrease).

Chill-coma and Minimum Movement Temperatures of Stored-Product Beetles in Stored Wheat.

The minimum temperature at which stored-product insects can move inside stored grain bulks with different grain moisture contents is not known. The movement of adults of four stored-product insects, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), at low temperatures inside jars or bulks of wheat with 11.

Models to predict mortality of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) exposed to elevated temperatures during structural heat treatments.

Novel thermal death models were developed with certain assumptions, and these models were validated by using actual heat treatment data collected under laboratory conditions at constant temperatures over time and in commercial food-processing facilities where temperatures were dynamically changing over time. The predicted mortalities of both young larvae and adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were within 92-99% of actual measured insect mortalities. There was good concordance between predicted and observed mortalities of young larvae and adults of T.

Three-dimensional temporal and spatial distribution of adult Rhyzopertha dominica in stored wheat and corn under different temperatures, moisture contents, and adult densities.

Three-dimensional temporal and spatial distributions of adult Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) at adult densities of 1.0, 5.

Vertical movement of adult rusty grain beetles, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, in stored corn and wheat at uniform moisture content.

Vertical movement and distribution of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) adults in stored wheat and corn were studied in small (0.1 x 0.1 x 1 m) and large (0.

Movement of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults in response to temperature gradients in vertical and horizontal wheat and corn columns.

The movement and redistribution of adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in stored grain provide important information for detection of insect pests and for simulations of their distribution in grain bins. Movement and redistribution of T. castaneum adults in 1 or 6 d and in wheat or corn were determined in a 100 by 100 by 1000-mm acrylic box with a 10 degrees C/m temperature gradient (from 20 to 30 degrees C) or at a uniform temperature (20, 25, and 30 degrees C).