Generation of xanthohumol derivatives through fungi-mediated biotransformation.

Xanthohumol (XTH, ), a major prenylated chalcone in hops, has attracted considerable interests because of its pharmaceutical potency. To explore more related derivatives of XTH, its biotransformation was performed using the microbial model. Fungus sp.

The Aggregated and Micellar Forms of β-Casein Purified from Donkey and Bovine Milk Present Potential as Carriers for Bioactive Nutritional Compounds.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the pure casein fraction of milk protein, particularly β-casein due to its physicochemical properties as well as its bio- and techno-functional properties. The utilization of self-assembled β-caseins from bovine origin as nanocarriers for the delivery of nutraceutical compounds or drugs has increased dramatically. Concerning β-caseins from other milk sources, the use of hypoallergenic donkey β-caseins as a potential delivery vehicle for nutraceutical hydrophobic compounds is beginning to generate interest.

Improvement of the conjugation transfer of N. gerenzanensis based on the synergistic effect of quorum sensing and antibiotic interference.

Nonomuraea gerenzanensis (N. gerenzanensis) is known for its ability to biosynthesize A40926, the precursor of the glycopeptide antibiotic (GPA) Dalbavancin. However, challenges and uncertainties related to the genetic manipulation of the rare actinomycetes remain.

Inhibiting NF-κB-S100A11 signaling and targeting S100A11 for anticancer effects of demethylzeylasteral in human colon cancer.

Colon cancer is a common and deadly malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. Targeting proteins that inhibit tumor proliferation could lead to innovative treatment strategies for this disease. Demethylzeylasteral, extracted naturally from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.

Newest perspectives of glycopeptide antibiotics: biosynthetic cascades, novel derivatives, and new appealing antimicrobial applications.

Glycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs) are a family of non-ribosomal peptide natural products with polypeptide skeleton characteristics, which are considered the last resort for treating severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Over the past few years, an increasing prevalence of Gram-positive resistant strain "superbugs" has emerged. Therefore, more efforts are needed to study and modify the GPAs to overcome the challenge of superbugs.

Microbial Transformation of Yakuchinone A and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Its Metabolites.

Yakuchinone A () is a bioactive diarylheptanoid isolated from the dried fruits of Microbial transformation has been recognized as an efficient method to produce new biologically active derivatives from natural products. In the present study, microbial transformation of yakuchinone A was performed with the fungus KCTC 26779, which led to the isolation of nine new metabolites (, , , and -). Their structures were elucidated as (3)-oxyphyllacinol (), (3)- and (3)-7-hydroxyoxyphyllacinol ( and ), (3)-oxyphyllacinol-4'--β-d-glucopyranoside (), (3)-4″-hydroxyoxyphyllacinol (), (3)-3″-hydroxyoxyphyllacinol (), (3)-2″-hydroxyoxyphyllacinol (), (3)-2″-hydroxyoxyphyllacinol-2″--β-d-glucopyranoside (), and (3)-oxyphyllacinol-3--β-d-glucopyranoside () based on the comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and the application of modified Mosher's method.

Microbial Transformation and Biological Activities of the Prenylated Aromatic Compounds from .

has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of burns and acne, and its extracts have been found to show tyrosinase inhibitory and anticancer activities. In this study, the tyrosinase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities of were explored, leading to the isolation of kazinol C (), kazinol E (), kazinol F (), broussonol N (), and kazinol X (), of which the compounds and have not been previously reported. Microbial transformation has been recognized as an efficient tool to generate more active metabolites.

Biotransformation of (-)-α-Bisabolol by .

(-)-α-Bisabolol, a bioactive monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol, has been used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and skin-caring properties. However, the poor water solubility of (-)-α-bisabolol limits its pharmaceutical applications. It has been recognized that microbial transformation is a very useful approach to generate more polar metabolites.

Biotransformation of the Phenolic Constituents from Licorice and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Their Metabolites.

Biotransformation of four bioactive phenolic constituents from licorice, namely licoisoflavanone (), glycyrrhisoflavone (), echinatin (), and isobavachalcone (), was performed by the selected fungal strain KCCM 60332, leading to the isolation of seventeen metabolites (-). Structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods, twelve of which (-, - and ) have been previously undescribed. A series of reactions including hydroxylation, hydrogenation, epoxidation, hydrolysis, reduction, cyclization, and alkylation was observed in the biotransformation process.

Microbial transformation of icariin and its derivatives.

Microbial transformation is an important tool to perform selective conversion of compounds to derivatives which are difficult to produce synthetically. In order to obtain icariside II and icaritin, the active components in Herba Epimedii , biotransformation studies using microbes as biocatalysts were carried out. Icariside II () and icaritin () were produced through biotransformation of icariin () using the fungi and var.

Microbial Conjugation Studies of Licochalcones and Xanthohumol.

Microbial conjugation studies of licochalcones (-) and xanthohumol () were performed by using the fungi and . As a result, one new glucosylated metabolite was produced by whereas four new and three known sulfated metabolites were obtained by transformation with . Chemical structures of all the metabolites were elucidated on the basis of 1D-, 2D-NMR and mass spectroscopic data analyses.

Microbial Transformation of Broussochalcones A and B by .

Broussochalcones A (BCA, ) and B (BCB, ) are major bioactive constituents isolated from , a polyphenol-rich plant belonging to the family Moraceae. Due to their low yields from natural sources, BCA () and BCB () were prepared synthetically by employing Claisen-Schmidt condensation, and these were used as substrates for microbial transformation to obtain novel derivatives. Microbial transformation of BCA () and BCB () with the endophytic fungus KCCM 60332 yielded 10 previously undescribed chalcones (- and -).

Microbial Transformation of Prenylquercetins by Mucor hiemalis.

Quercetin, one of the most widely distributed flavonoids, has been found to show various biological activities including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. It has been reported that bioactivity enhancement of flavonoids has often been closely associated with nuclear prenylation, as shown in 8-prenylquercetin and 5'-prenylquercetin. It has also been revealed in many studies that the biological activities of flavonoids could be improved after glucosylation.

Microbial Transformation of Licochalcones.

Microbial transformation of licochalcones B (), C (), D (), and H () using the filamentous fungi and was investigated. Fungal transformation of the licochalcones followed by chromatographic separations led to the isolation of ten new compounds -, including one hydrogenated, three dihydroxylated, three expoxidized, and three glucosylated metabolites. Their structures were elucidated by combined analyses of UV, IR, MS, NMR, and CD spectroscopic data.

Biotransformed Metabolites of the Hop Prenylflavanone Isoxanthohumol.

A metabolic conversion study on microbes is known as one of the most useful tools to predict the xenobiotic metabolism of organic compounds in mammalian systems. The microbial biotransformation of isoxanthohumol (1), a major hop prenylflavanone in beer, has resulted in the production of three diastereomeric pairs of oxygenated metabolites (⁻). The microbial metabolites of 1 were formed by epoxidation or hydroxylation of the prenyl group, and HPLC, NMR, and CD analyses revealed that all of the products were diastereomeric pairs composed of (2S)- and (2R)- isomers.

Line Graph or Scatter Plot? Automatic Selection of Methods for Visualizing Trends in Time Series.

Line graphs are usually considered to be the best choice for visualizing time series data, whereas sometimes also scatter plots are used for showing main trends. So far there are no guidelines that indicate which of these visualization methods better display trends in time series for a given canvas. Assuming that the main information in a time series is its overall trend, we propose an algorithm that automatically picks the visualization method that reveals this trend best.

Microbial transformation of the antimalarial sesquiterpene endoperoxide dihydroartemisinin.

Dihydroartemisinin (DHA, 1), a sesquiterpene endoperoxide derived from artemisinin, has shown potent antimalarial and anticancer activities. Microbial transformation of DHA by Absidia coerulea and Penicillium chrysogenum yielded one new (3) and four known metabolites (2, 4-6). The chemical structures of these compounds were identified as deoxydihydroartemisinin (2), 8α-hydroxydeoxyartemisinin (3), deoxyartemisinin (4), 9α-hydroxyartemethin-I (5) and 3α-hydroxydeoxydihydroartemisinin (6) using spectroscopic analyses.

A new flavonol glycoside from the aerial parts of Epimedium koreanum Nakai.

A new prenylated flavonol glycoside (1) was isolated from a 95% methanol extract of the dried and powdered aerial parts of Epimedium koreanum Nakai (Herba Epimedii), along with seven previously known flavonoids (2-8). The chemical structure of the new compound (1) was established to be 5-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl)flavone 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-gluco pyranoside on the basis of spectroscopic methods. The antioxidant activities of these compounds were determined by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and kaempferitrin (8) showed a high reactivity with DPPH.