Evolutionary dynamics of codon usages for peste des petits ruminants virus.

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is an important agent of contagious, acute and febrile viral diseases in small ruminants, while its evolutionary dynamics related to codon usage are still lacking. Herein, we adopted information entropy, the relative synonymous codon usage values and similarity indexes and codon adaptation index to analyze the viral genetic features for 45 available whole genomes of PPRV. Some universal, lineage-specific, and gene-specific genetic features presented by synonymous codon usages of the six genes of PPRV that encode N, P, M, F, H and L proteins reflected evolutionary plasticity and independence.

Integrin endocytosis on elastic substrates mediates mechanosensing.

Tissue mechanics provides an appropriate niche for cell growth and functions. Integrin proteins play a pivotal role in mechanosensing associated with both extracellular matrix and intracellular cytoskeleton proteins. Endocytosis of integrin β1 of BMMSCs on collagen I-coated soft substrates promotes cell differentiation, providing a mechanism that cell senses elasticity through integrin.