Approximating the ZPD? Young children's judgements of appropriate task level for learning.

This research examined how 3-6-year-olds judge appropriate levels of counting games based on a person's ability, desire for learning and degree of difficulty. Study 1 found that 3-year-olds did not consider a character's ability or desire, whereas older children gave high ability characters large number games and low ability characters small number games when the characters wanted to play a manageable game. However, older children gave large number games to characters who wanted to learn counting, regardless of their ability.

Affective Theory of Mind in Late Adulthood: The Role of Emotion Complexity and Social Relatedness.

Background: Age-related declines in adult affective theory of mind (AToM) have been discovered. However, AToM measures have not accounted for emotional state complexity involved in AToM. Measures have also not accounted for different types of relationships - friends versus strangers - for which AToM is employed, which is important considering the limited social networks of aging adults.

Local and distant brain control in melanoma and NSCLC brain metastases with concurrent radiosurgery and immune checkpoint inhibition.

Introduction: The treatment of brain metastases with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has become more common in recent years, but there is a lack of prospective data on cancer control outcomes when these therapies are administered concurrently.

Methods: Data were retrospectively reviewed for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma brain metastases treated with SRS at a single institution from May 2008 to January 2017. A parametric proportional hazard model is used to detect the effect of concurrent ICI within 30, 60, or 90 days of ICI administration on local control and distant in-brain control.

(Re)defining their place at the table: Frank discussions by adults with disabilities on contemporary self-advocacy.

Adults with disabilities have long been at the forefront of disability advocacy in the United States. Grounded in the tenets of radical disability studies and principles of disability justice, this study explored the lived experiences of 12 adults with disabilities, including intellectual disability and developmental disabilities, with a particular focus on self-advocacy. Two focus groups were primary data sources.

When a Circle Becomes the Letter O: Young Children's Conceptualization of Learning and Its Relation With Theory of Mind Development.

In two independent yet complementary studies, the current research explored the developmental changes of young children's conceptualization of learning, focusing the role of knowledge change and learning intention, and its association with their developing theory of mind (ToM) ability. In study 1, 75 children between 48 and 86 months of age ( = 65.45, = 11.

Prediabetes, diabetes, and other CVD-related conditions among Asian populations in Los Angeles County, 2014.

To assess the prevalence of four common health conditions related to cardiovascular disease risk among Asians in Los Angeles County. A survey of Asians in Los Angeles County was conducted utilizing purposive sampling to recruit from the region's Service Planning Areas 3 and 4; these underserved areas contain high density of Asian populations. Descriptive and multivariable regression analyses were performed to explore and describe potential associations between self-reported diagnoses of prediabetes, diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol and body mass index (measured with non-Asian versus Asian cut points) by race/ethnicity (Chinese/Filipino/Korean/Taiwanese/Thai/Vietnamese).

Reliability and Validity of SymTrak, a Multi-Domain Tool for Monitoring Symptoms of Older Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions.

Background: A reliable and valid clinically practical multi-domain self-report and caregiver-report tool is needed for tracking actionable symptoms in primary care for elderly patients with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs).

Objective: Assess internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity to change for SymTrak.

Design And Participants: Among 600 (200 patient-caregiver dyads, 200 patients without an identified caregiver) participants, SymTrak was telephone interviewer-administered at baseline and 3-month follow-up, and at 24 h post-baseline for assessing test-retest reliability in a random subsample of 180 (60 dyads, 60 individual patients) participants.

Development and Feasibility of SymTrak, aMulti-domain Tool for Monitoring Symptoms of Older Adults in Primary Care.

Background: A clinically practical, brief, user-friendly, multi-domain self-report and caregiver-report tool is needed for tracking actionable symptoms in primary care for elderly patients with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs).

Objective: Develop and assess usability, administration time, and internal reliability of SymTrak.

Design And Participants: Phase I: legacy instruments, content validity, analyses of existing data, focus groups (physicians, nurses, patients, informal caregivers), and Think Aloud interviews (patients, caregivers) were used to develop SymTrak.

Self-Reported Interest to Participate in a Health Survey if Different Amounts of Cash or Non-Monetary Incentive Types Were Offered.

The objective of this study was to assess monetary and non-monetary factors that can influence the decision to participate in a future health survey. A questionnaire was administered to eligible, low-income participants (n = 1502) of the 2012 Los Angeles County Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (LAHANES-II). Multivariable regression analyses were performed to describe factors potentially associated with future intent to participate in similar survey designs.

When preferences are in the way: Children's predictions of goal-directed behaviors.

Across three studies, we examined 4- to 7-year-olds' predictions of goal-directed behaviors when goals conflict with preferences. In Study 1, when presented with stories in which a character had to act against basic preferences to achieve an interpersonal goal (e.g.

Brainstem metastases treated with Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery: the Indiana University Health experience.

Brainstem metastases offer a unique challenge in cancer treatment, yet stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has proven to be an effective modality in treating these tumors. This report discusses the clinical outcomes of patients with brainstem metastases treated at Indiana University with Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery from 2008 to 2016. 19 brainstem metastases from 14 patients who had follow-up brain imaging were identified.

Not just numeracy and literacy: Theory of mind development and school readiness among low-income children.

The current study investigated the role of theory of mind development in school readiness among 120 low-income preschool and kindergarten children. A short-term longitudinal design was used to examine relations among theory of mind, the understanding of teaching, and learning behaviors and their collective role in children's literacy and numeracy skills at school entry. Results replicate differences in theory of mind development among low-income children as compared to typically studied, higher-income samples.

Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Training of High-Risk Teens in the Community of Watts, South Los Angeles, 2013-2014.

The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) concept was initially developed for adult members of the community to help prepare for disasters and minimize damage when disasters occur. CERTs also served as a tool for building community capacity and self-sufficiency by supporting a diverse group of people working together in dealing with challenges affecting their communities. The novel approach to CERTs described here sought to involve high-risk youth from low-socioeconomic status communities in CERTs and first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training to help them build ties with communities, stay off the streets, and become leaders in the community.

Community-based Flu Outreach Clinics in South Los Angeles: Client Satisfaction and Experiences.

Objective: This study sought to better understand and improve influenza vaccination in low-income populations regardless of their health insurance/immigration status. It assessed client satisfaction and experiences with services provided at community-based "flu outreach" clinics in South Los Angeles. The clinics represent a community-public agency partnership-a model of vaccine delivery that was relatively novel to the region.

Cognitive universals and cultural variation in teaching.

We address three issues: (1) There is a need for a comprehensive multidisciplinary understanding of teaching; (2) teaching is a natural cognitive ability for humans; and (3) there is a need to incorporate the mentalistic and cultural approaches to teaching. We suggest certain research studies that can help deepen our understanding of the cognition of teaching.

Children with autism are impaired in the understanding of teaching.

Children learn novel information using various methods, and one of the most common is human pedagogical communication or teaching - the purposeful imparting of information from one person to another. Neuro-typically developing (TD) children gain the ability to recognize and understand teaching as a core method for acquiring knowledge from others. However, it is not known when children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) acquire the ability to recognize and understand teaching.

Recognition and response to electronic fetal heart rate patterns: impact on newborn outcomes and primary cesarean delivery rate in women undergoing induction of labor.

Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the clinical impact of specific fetal monitoring-related practices during induced labor.

Study Design: This was a prospective, nonrandomized study.

Results: We studied 14,398 women undergoing oxytocin induction of labor.

Association of obstetric intervention with temporal patterns of childbirth.

Objective: To examine the gestational age at and day and time of delivery in current U.S. obstetric practice.

Prevalence and circulation patterns of variant, atypical and resistant HIV in Los Angeles County (2007-2009).

The prevalence of transmitted HIV drug resistance (TDR) in Los Angeles County remains unknown, due in part to the absence of reliable genotypic data. The specific objectives of this study are to estimate the prevalence of TDR, to describe the demographic characteristics associated with TDR and to investigate the distribution of HIV-1 subtypes among persons newly diagnosed with HIV in Los Angeles County. From 2007 through 2009, 1,414 sequences were obtained from 7,100 persons newly diagnosed with HIV through HIV resistance surveillance.

Phase I and II Study of Gemcitabine and Vinorelbine in Heavily Pretreated Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer and Review of the Literature.

Background: Many phase II trials investigated the combination of Gemcitabine (G) and Vinorelbine (V) in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with variable outcomes. This study was conducted to explore whether this combination was effective and tolerable in MBC patients who were heavily pretreated with anthracyclines and taxanes.

Methods: A phase I study was conducted first to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the G and V combination in MBC patients.

Maternal mortality in the United States: predictability and the impact of protocols on fatal postcesarean pulmonary embolism and hypertension-related intracranial hemorrhage.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of specific protocols that have been developed in response to a previous analysis of maternal deaths in a large hospital system. We also analyzed the theoretic impact of an ideal system of maternal triage and transport on maternal deaths and the relative performance of cause of death determination from chart review compared with a review of discharge coding data.

Study Design: We conducted a retrospective evaluation of maternal deaths from 2007-2012 after the introduction of disease-specific protocols that were based on 2000-2006 data.

Validation of the joint commission exclusion criteria for elective early-term delivery.

Objective: To evaluate whether current Joint Commission (JC) exclusion criteria for measure PC-01, "Elective Delivery" before 39 weeks of gestation, accurately identify valid, codeable indications for planned early-term delivery.

Methods: We performed a review and critical analysis of all cases recorded as noncompliant for the measure in a large health care system during the second half of 2012.

Results: During the study period, of 107,145 total deliveries, 205 cases were reported as noncompliant with PC-01.

The clinical and economic impact of nurse to patient staffing ratios in women receiving intrapartum oxytocin.

Objective: To examine the relationship between nurse-to-patient staffing ratios and perinatal outcomes in women receiving oxytocin during labor.

Study Design: A retrospective analysis of perinatal outcomes in women receiving oxytocin for induction or augmentation of labor during 2010. Outcomes examined were fetal distress, birth asphyxia, primary cesarean delivery, chorioamnionitis, endomyometritis, and a composite of adverse events.

A systematic approach to the identification and classification of near-miss events on labor and delivery in a large, national health care system.

We describe a systematic approach to the identification and classification of near-miss events on labor and delivery in a large, national health care system. Voluntary reports of near-miss events were prospectively collected during 2010 in 203,708 deliveries. These reports were analyzed according to frequency and potential severity.