Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Isolates Associated with Tomato and Potato Crops in Colombia.

Late blight disease, caused by the plant pathogen , is one of the major threats for tomato and potato crops. Monitoring the populations of . is important to determine if there are changes in the sensitivity to fungicides and host preference.

Searching for the Mechanism that Mediates Mefenoxam-Acquired Resistance in and How It Is Regulated.

, the causal agent of late blight disease of potatoes, is mainly controlled by the use of fungicides. Isolates that are resistant to commonly used fungicides have been reported. Also, several studies show that originally mefenoxam-sensitive isolates acquire resistance to this fungicide when exposed to sublethal concentrations.

The subfornical organ and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis: Critical roles in cardiovascular regulation and the control of fluid balance.

In this chapter, we review the extensive literature describing the roles of the subfornical organ (SFO), the organum vasculosum of the terminalis (OVLT), and the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), comprising the lamina terminalis, in cardiovascular regulation and the control of fluid balance. We present this information in the context of both historical and technological developments which can effectively be overlaid upon each other. We describe intrinsic anatomy and connectivity and then discuss early work which described how circulating angiotensin II acts at the SFO to stimulate drinking and increase blood pressure.

Differential Susceptibility of Tree Tomato () Cultivars to Late Blight Caused by .

Host-pathogen interactions of a new species of , causal agent of late blight of tree tomato ( Cav.), identified as , were investigated with four different cultivars. Thirty-six isolates, collected from southern Colombia between 2008 and 2009, were used to inoculate common tree tomato cultivars, Común, Híbrido, Injerto, and Holandés.

Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers Associated with Mycelial Growth (at 15, 20, and 25°C), Mefenoxam Resistance, and Mating Type in .

Phenotypic diversity among individuals defines the potential for evolutionary selection in a species. epidemics are generally thought to be favored by moderate to low temperatures, but temperatures in many locations worldwide are expected to rise as a result of global climate change. Thus, we investigated variation among individuals of for relative growth at different temperatures.

Is the Phenomenon of Mefenoxam-Acquired Resistance in Universal?

is the causal agent of late blight disease of potatoes and tomatoes. This disease causes devastating economic losses each year, and control is mainly achieved by the use of fungicides. Unfortunately, populations of resistant to fungicides have been documented.

Phylogeography, Population Structure, and Species Delimitation in Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome and Eudyptes moseleyi).

Rockhopper penguins are delimited as 2 species, the northern rockhopper (Eudyptes moseleyi) and the southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome), with the latter comprising 2 subspecies, the western rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) and the eastern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome filholi). We conducted a phylogeographic study using multilocus data from 114 individuals sampled across 12 colonies from the entire range of the northern/southern rockhopper complex to assess potential population structure, gene flow, and species limits. Bayesian and likelihood methods with nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, including model testing and heuristic approaches, support E.

PiRV-2 stimulates sporulation in Phytophthora infestans.

Phytophthora infestans is the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight. This pathogen, which caused the Irish potato famine, is of profound historical significance and still poses a major threat in today's agroecosystems. Research on late blight epidemics usually focuses on pathogen virulence, host resistance, environmental factors and fungicide resistance.

Acute β-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (β-TBECH) treatment inhibits the electrical activity of rat Purkinje neurons.

Brominated flame-retardants are environmentally pervasive and persistent synthetic chemicals, some of which have been demonstrated to disrupt neuroendocrine signaling and electrical activity of neurons. 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (TBECH) lacks the toxicity of other classes of BFRs, however its safety is still questioned, as little is known of its neurological effects. Therefore, we sought to determine if TBECH could acutely alter the electrical activity of Purkinje neurons maintained in vitro.

Electrophysiological properties of rat subfornical organ neurons expressing calbindin D28K.

The subfornical organ (SFO) is forebrain sensory circumventricular organ, characterized by lack of a blood-brain barrier. Neurons of the SFO can detect circulating molecules such as peptide hormones and communicate this information to regulatory centers behind the blood-brain barrier, thus playing a critical role in homeostatic processes including regulation of energy balance, hydromineral balance and cardiovascular control. The SFO contains two subregions defined by neuronal expression of molecular markers: the dorsolateral peripheral or shell SFO (sSFO) neurons express calretinin, and the ventromedial core (cSFO) neurons express calbindin D28K.

, a new species within clade 1c causing late blight on in Colombia.

Over the past few years, symptoms akin to late blight disease have been reported on a variety of crop plants in South America. Despite the economic importance of these crops, the causal agents of the diseases belonging to the genus have not been completely characterized. In this study, a new species was described in Colombia from tree tomato (), a semi-domesticated fruit grown in northern South America.

Insights into evolving global populations of Phytophthora infestans via new complementary mtDNA haplotype markers and nuclear SSRs.

In many parts of the world the damaging potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, is spread as a succession of clonal lineages. The discrimination of genetic diversity within such evolving populations provides insights into the processes generating novel lineages and the pathways and drivers of pathogen evolution and dissemination at local and global scales. This knowledge, in turn, helps optimise management practices.

Sporangia Produced in Culture and on Tomato Leaflet Lesions Show Marked Differences in Indirect Germination Rates, Aggressiveness, and Global Transcription Profiles.

Sporangia of from pure cultures on agar plates are typically used in lab studies, whereas sporangia from leaflet lesions drive natural infections and epidemics. Multiple assays were performed to determine if sporangia from these two sources are equivalent. Sporangia from plate cultures showed much lower rates of indirect germination and produced much less disease in field and moist-chamber tests.

Phytophthora infestans RNA virus 2, a novel RNA virus from Phytophthora infestans, does not belong to any known virus group.

Phytophthora infestans is the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight. In this study, we obtained the complete genome sequence of a novel RNA virus from this plant pathogen, tentatively named "Phytophthora infestans RNA virus 2" (PiRV-2). The PiRV-2 genome is 11,170 nt in length and lacks a polyA tail.

The transcriptome of the rat subfornical organ is altered in response to early postnatal overnutrition.

Early postnatal overnutrition in humans is associated with long-term negative outcomes including obesity, increased risk of type-II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Hypothalamic neurons from rodents exposed to early postnatal overnutrition show altered expression of satiety signals and receptors, and exhibit altered responses to many satiety signals, suggesting a hypothalamic link between early overnutrition and development of these sequelae. Importantly, several hypothalamic nuclei receive information regarding circulating hormones (such as insulin, leptin and ghrelin) from the subfornical organ (SFO), a forebrain sensory circumventricular organ which lacks a blood brain barrier.

Lack of current observed in HEK293 cells expressing NALCN channels.

The sodium leak channel NALCN is poorly understood, but is reported as a Na-permeable, nonselective cation leak channel which regulates resting membrane potential and electrical excitability. Previous work has indicated that NALCN currents can be stimulated by activation of several G protein coupled receptors, including the M3 muscarinic receptor. We undertook a study using voltage clamp electrophysiology to investigate NALCN currents.

Large sub-clonal variation in Phytophthora infestans from recent severe late blight epidemics in India.

The population structure of the Phytophthora infestans populations that caused the recent 2013-14 late blight epidemic in eastern India (EI) and northeastern India (NEI) was examined. The data provide new baseline information for populations of P. infestans in India.

Assessing the Effect of Piperacillin/Tazobactam on Hematological Parameters in Patients Admitted with Moderate or Severe Foot Infections.

Introduction: Piperacillin/tazobactam is a commonly used antibiotic for the empirical treatment of severe diabetic foot infections. One of the most feared complications of this drug is the development of pancytopenia. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of piperacillin/tazobactam caused any hematological changes in patients admitted with severe diabetes-related foot infections from a specialist multidisciplinary foot clinic.

A simple and inexpensive way to document simple husbandry in animal care facilities using QR code scanning.

Record keeping within research animal care facilities is a key part of the guidelines set forth by national regulatory bodies and mandated by federal laws. Research facilities must maintain records of animal health issues, procedures and usage. Facilities are also required to maintain records regarding regular husbandry such as general animal checks, feeding and watering.

Suppression of planar cell polarity signaling and migration in glioblastoma by Nrdp1-mediated Dvl polyubiquitination.

The lethality of the aggressive brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) results in part from its strong propensity to invade surrounding normal brain tissue. Although oncogenic drivers such as epidermal growth factor receptor activation and Phosphatase and Tensin homolog inactivation are thought to promote the motility and invasiveness of GBM cells via phosphatidylinostitol 3-kinase activation, other unexplored mechanisms may also contribute to malignancy. Here we demonstrate that several components of the planar cell polarity (PCP) arm of non-canonical Wnt signaling including VANGL1, VANGL2 and FZD7 are transcriptionally upregulated in glioma and correlate with poorer patient outcome.

Three-dimensional culture system identifies a new mode of cetuximab resistance and disease-relevant genes in colorectal cancer.

We previously reported that single cells from a human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line (HCA-7) formed either hollow single-layered polarized cysts or solid spiky masses when plated in 3D in type-I collagen. To begin in-depth analyses into whether clonal cysts and spiky masses possessed divergent properties, individual colonies of each morphology were isolated and expanded. The lines thus derived faithfully retained their parental cystic and spiky morphologies and were termed CC (cystic) and SC (spiky), respectively.

Thromboelastography in Dogs with Chronic Hepatopathies.

Background: The coagulation status of dogs with liver disease is difficult to predict using conventional coagulation testing.

Hypothesis/objectives: To evaluate thromboelastography (TEG) results and associations with conventional coagulation results and indicators of disease severity and prognosis in dogs with chronic hepatopathies (CH).

Animals: Twenty-one client-owned dogs.

Genetic Variation within Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans Revealed through Genotyping-By-Sequencing, and Implications for Late Blight Epidemiology.

Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was performed on 257 Phytophthora infestans isolates belonging to four clonal lineages to study within-lineage diversity. The four lineages used in the study were US-8 (n = 28), US-11 (n = 27), US-23 (n = 166), and US-24 (n = 36), with isolates originating from 23 of the United States and Ontario, Canada. The majority of isolates were collected between 2010 and 2014 (94%), with the remaining isolates collected from 1994 to 2009, and 2015.

Variation in type and frequency of diagnostic imaging during trauma care across multiple time points by patient insurance type.

Background: Research has shown that uninsured patients receive fewer radiographic studies during trauma care, but less is known as to whether differences in care are present among other insurance groups or across different time points during hospitalization. Our objective was to examine the number of radiographic studies administered to a cohort of trauma patients over the entire hospital stay as well as during the first 24-hours of care.

Methods: Patient data were obtained from an American College of Surgeons (ACS) verified Level I Trauma Center between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2012.

Identification of the Dominant Genotypes of Phytophthora infestans in Canada Using Real-Time PCR with ASO-PCR Assays.

Phytophthora infestans, a pathogenic oomycete that is the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight, has devastating effects worldwide. The genetic composition of P. infestans populations in Canada has changed considerably over the last few years, with the appearance of several new genotypes showing different mating types and sensitivity to the fungicide metalaxyl.