Effects of frequent mouthrinses with palatinose and xylitol on dental plaque.

The aim was to evaluate the effects of frequent mouthrinses with palatinose, xylitol and a mixture of palatinose and xylitol on plaque pH, plaque formation and cariogenic microorganisms. 15 subjects refrained from toothbrushing during 3 test periods and rinsed 15 x daily for 4 d with 10 ml of: (1) 50% palatinose, (2) 37.5% palatinose + 12.

Longitudinal study of caries, cariogenic bacteria and diet in children just before and after starting school.

Fifty 5-yr-old preschool children living in Akranes, a small community in West Iceland known to have a high caries prevalence, were investigated with respect to caries, salivary counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, and consumption of cariogenic foods. Fifteen months later, after being in school for half a year, 43 of the 50 children were reexamined and investigated as before. Mean dmfs scores rose from 7.

Effect of partial substitution of invert sugar for sucrose in combination with Duraphat treatment on caries development in preschool children: the Malmö Study.

The aim was to study the effect of substitution of invert sugar for sucrose, in combination with fluoride varnish (Duraphat) treatment twice a year, on caries development in preschool children. One hundred and eighty-seven 4-years-olds were divided randomly into four sugar groups: (1) sucrose (S), (2) sucrose-Duraphat (SD), (3) invert sugar (I), and (4) invert sugar-Duraphat (ID). All families were asked to buy beverages, biscuits, breakfast cereals, marmalade, ice cream, jam, ketchup, sweets and table sugar, totally 32 different food items, sweetened with invert sugar or sucrose.

Evaluation of a model for short-term clinical testing of cariogenicity.

Conventional mirror and probe examination and laser fluorescence were used to score caries-like alterations on the buccal surfaces of posterior teeth in 60 panelists, allotted to one of three groups. All subjects refrained from oral hygiene for five days. In one group each subject consumed 12 sucrose candies daily between meals and in the second group each subject similarly consumed 12 palatinose (isomaltulose) candies.

Secretion rate and buffer effect of resting and stimulated whole saliva in relation to general health.

The aim of this investigation was to study the possible relationship between general health and the salivary secretion rate and buffer effect. Based on the results of duplicate salivary tests, 92 consecutive dental patients with a very low secretion rate and/or buffer effect of resting and/or stimulated whole saliva were referred for a medical examination, which included blood and urine analyses. Various medical findings were made for 39 per cent of these patients.

Effect of repeated intake of a sugar free fluoride-containing chewing gum on acidogenicity and microbial composition of dental plaque.

In a double blind cross-over study, 20 subjects were given either a sugar free chewing gum containing 0.25 mg fluoride or the same chewing gum without fluoride, eight times a day for 7 days. The pH of 3-day-old plaque was determined before and after each experimental period following a 30-s mouth-rinse with 10 ml 15% sucrose.

Cariogenicity of isomaltulose (palatinose), sucrose and mixture of these sugars in rats infected with Streptococcus mutans E-49.

Each of three groups of Wistar rats, 19-20 animals per group, was fed an experimental diet containing either (1) isomaltulose 56%, (2) sucrose 56%, or (3) a mixture of isomaltulose and sucrose (17.5% + 38.5%).

Palatinose--a sucrose substitute. Pilot studies.

Pilot studies on isomaltulose, (Palatinose), a sucrose substitute, including acid production in plaques, acid production in suspensions of dental plaque material or of Streptococcus mutans were performed, as well as studies on the effect of isomaltulose on glucan synthesis, by Strep. mutans. Also an experimental caries study in the rat was carried out in a few animals.

Interaction between xylitol and sorbitol in plaque metabolism.

Xylitol and sorbitol, when metabolized by microorganisms, are transported through the cell membrane and phosphorylated by membrane-bound phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase systems. Sorbitol-6-phosphate may be oxidized by a sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to fructose-6-phosphate and further decomposed in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Xylitol-5-phosphate - if not metabolized - may be toxic to the cell.

Effects of xylitol on the acid production activity from sorbitol by Streptococcus mutans and human dental plaque.

-A method for the determination of acid production from 20-25 mg (wet weight) of Streptococcus mutans and 12-33 mg (wet weight) of human dental plaque is described. After endogenous acid production had been followed, either sorbitol or xylitol or a mixture of sorbitol and xylitol (2:1) was added. After about ten minutes glucose, sucrose or Palatinose were added for a vitality test.

Caries increment in primary teeth after application of Duraphat fluoride varnish.

In order to evaluate the possible cariostatic effect of a fluoride varnish in the primary dentition, Duraphat varnish was applied twice yearly for 2 years to the teeth of 195 3 1/2-year-old children of both sexes attending nine preparatory schools in the Warsaw area. A control group of 127 children attending nine other preparatory schools was also examined. For each child a dmfs1 index (including "caries without macroscopic defect") and a dmfs2 index ("caries without macroscopic defect" excluded) were determined as well as a dmft1 and a dmft2 index.

The effect of fluoride on the acid production of Streptococcus mutans and other oral streptococci.

The influence of fluoride on the acid production of streptococcal strains was examined using an established method for the determination of acid production by microorganisms. The inhibitory effects of fluoride on acid production increased when the pH dropped from 5.5 to 4.

The release of fluoride from two products of alginate impression materials.

The purpose of this study was to determine the fluoride content of two products of alginate and the possible fluoride transfer to the teeth, saliva and blood. The total fluoride content of Zelgan normal-set and Kerr alginate fastset powder was assayed by direct diffusion and diffusion of the ash. The soluble fluoride leaching out in water over 24 hour was also determined.

A colourimetric screening test for evaluation of the buffer capacity of saliva.

A colourimetric method for screening buffer capacity of mixed paraffin stimulated saliva in general practice is described. Mixed paraffin stimulated saliva (1.00 ml) is pipetted into a standard tube belonging to a commercial "saliva kit" (Dentobuff, Orion Diagnostics Ltd).

Effects of 3 months frequent consumption of hydrogenated starch hydrolysate (Lycasin), maltitol, sorbitol and xylitol on human dental plaque.

Lozenges containing hydrogenated starch hydrolysate (Lycasin), maltitol, sorbitol or xylitol were consumed 4 times daily during 3 months by 4 groups of persons (in all 85 subjects). In the maltitol-, sorbitol- and xylitol-group the plque wet weights were of the same magnitude before and after the test period. In the Lycasin-group, a higher value was found after than before the 3-month period (p less than 0.

Biochemical effects of and bacteriological response to sugar substitutes in the oral environment.

The problems of the biochemical effects of sugar substitutes and bacteriologic response to such substitutes in the oral cavity may fill a whole book. Therefore, considerable restrictions in the presentation are necessary. Noncaloric sweeteners and additives are not utilized by the oral microorganisms for metabolism and acid production and are therefore of minor interest in this connection.