Assessing the well-being of partners of people found guilty of perpetrating genocide in Rwanda.

This article draws upon 89 in-person surveys with Rwandan women (ages 26-75) whose partners were incarcerated for genocide and examines how these women explain participation in the violence. We first engage in exploratory factor analysis of reasons cited for perpetrating genocide, which reveals (1) a factor comprised of internal reasons for participation, including greed and hatred; (2) a factor of external reasons, such as peer pressure or coercion, and (3) a factor driven by alcohol use. Next, we analyze how these factors are associated with the women's psychosocial wellbeing as measured by the World Health Organization's Self-Reporting Questionnaire.

Exploring Potential for a Personalized Medicine Approach to Smoking Cessation With an American Indian Tribe.

Introduction: A potential precision medicine approach to smoking cessation is tailoring pharmacotherapy to a biomarker known as the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR). Little is known about the potential impact and acceptability of this approach for American Indian (AI) persons.

Aims And Methods: Tribal-academic collaboration was formed and during 2019-2020 AI adults who smoke(N = 54) were recruited to (1) examine correlations between NMR, dependence, and smoking exposure; (2) assess the extent to which pharmacotherapy preference aligned with NMR-informed recommendations; (3) explore acceptability of NMR-informed pharmacotherapy selection.

Surveillance, Self-Governance, and Mortality: The Impact of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs on U.S. Overdose Mortality, 2000-2016.

Policy mechanisms shaping population health take numerous forms, from behavioral prohibitions to mandates for action to surveillance. Rising drug overdoses undermined the state's ability to promote population-level health. Using the case of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), we contend that PDMP implementation highlights state biopower operating via mechanisms of surveillance, whereby prescribers, pharmacists, and patients perceive agency despite choices being constrained.

Elder Voices: Wisdom about Indigenous Peoples' Food Systems from the Holders of Knowledge.

This compilation includes the stories of 5 Native American and First Nation elders, in which they share their wisdom, experience, and opinions on Indigenous food systems and health. Each of these elders participated in the Fourth Annual Conference on Native American Nutrition, held in September 2019 at Mystic Lake Center on land of the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community in Prior Lake, Minnesota.

Trends in psychotropic-drug-implicated mortality: Psychotropic drugs as a contributing but non-underlying cause of death.

Background: Drug overdoses have contributed to considerable years of life lost. However, focusing solely on drug overdoses, whereby drug poisoning defines the underlying cause of death, obscures the wider burden of the drug mortality crisis. We aim to describe 21 years of trends in "psychotropic-drug-implicated deaths," those where psychotropic drugs are a contributing (but not the underlying) cause of death.

The nuclear kinesin KIF18B promotes 53BP1-mediated DNA double-strand break repair.

53BP1 is recruited to chromatin in the vicinity of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). We identify the nuclear kinesin, KIF18B, as a 53BP1-interacting protein and define its role in 53BP1-mediated DSB repair. KIF18B is a molecular motor protein involved in destabilizing astral microtubules during mitosis.

Toddlers Using Tablets: They Engage, Play, and Learn.

Although very young children have unprecedented access to touchscreen devices, there is limited research on how successfully they operate these devices for play and learning. For infants and toddlers, whose cognitive, fine motor, and executive functions are immature, several basic questions are significant: (1) Can they operate a tablet purposefully to achieve a goal? (2) Can they acquire operating skills and learn new information from commercially available apps? (3) Do individual differences in executive functioning predict success in using and learning from the apps? Accordingly, 31 2-year-olds ( = 30.82 month, = 2.

Pediatric drug overdose mortality: contextual and policy effects for children under 12 years.

Background: We determine trends in fatal pediatric drug overdose from 1999 to 2018 and describe the influence of contextual factors and policies on such overdoses.

Methods: Combining restricted CDC mortality files with data from other sources, we conducted between-county multilevel models to examine associations of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics with pediatric overdose mortality and a fixed-effects analysis to identify how changes in contexts and policies over time shaped county-level fatal pediatric overdoses per 100,000 children under 12 years.

Results: Pediatric overdose deaths rose from 0.

Recommendations to researchers for aiding in increasing American Indian representation in genetic research and personalized medicine.

Increasing American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) representation in genetic research is critical to ensuring that personalized medicine discoveries do not widen AI/AN health disparities by only benefiting well-represented populations. One reason for the under-representation of AIs/ANs in research is warranted research distrust due to abuse of some AI/AN communities in research. An approach to easing the tension between protecting AI/AN communities and increasing the representation of AI/AN persons in genetic research is community-based participatory research.

State pain management clinic policies and county opioid prescribing: A fixed effects analysis.

Background: The U.S. has seen an unprecedented rise in opioid-related morbidity and mortality, and states have passed numerous laws in response.

Moving Upstream: The Effect of Tobacco Clean Air Restrictions on Educational Inequalities in Smoking Among Young Adults.

Education affords a range of direct and indirect benefits that promote longer and healthier lives and stratify health lifestyles. We use tobacco clean air policies to examine whether policies that apply universally-interventions that bypass individuals' unequal access and ability to employ flexible resources to avoid health hazards-have an effect on educational inequalities in health behaviors. We test theoretically informed but competing hypotheses that these policies either amplify or attenuate the association between education and smoking behavior.

Denormalization, smoke-free air policy, and tobacco use among young adults.

Smoke-free air laws and the denormalization of smoking are important contributors to reductions in smoking during the 21st century. Yet, tobacco policy and denormalization may intersect in numerous ways to affect smoking. We merge data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey, American Nonsmokers' Right Foundation, and Census to produce a unique examination of the intersection of smoking bans and denormalization and their influence on any smoking and heavy smoking among young adults.

American Indian health policy: historical trends and contemporary issues.

The United States has a trust responsibility to provide services to American Indians and Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons. However, a long-standing history of underfunding of the Indian Health Service (IHS) has led to significant challenges in providing services. Twentieth century laws, including the Snyder Act, Transfer Act, Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, and Indian Health Care Improvement Act (IHCIA) have had an effect on the way health services are provided.

Decreased prevalence of overweight and obesity in the newfoundland and labrador preschool population.

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschool-aged (42-66 months) children in Newfoundland and Labrador in 2009/10. Second, 2009/10 rates were compared to those reported for 2001/02 and 1988/89 to ascertain whether the previous rising trend had continued, stabilized or decreased while public health prevention and intervention efforts increased.

Methods: Heights and weights of children measured in clinics in 2009/10, 2001/02 and 1988/89 were sampled, representing 29%, 77% and 45% of provincial births in 2005, 1997 and 1984, respectively.

Augmented tendon Achilles repair using a tissue reinforcement scaffold: a biomechanical study.

Background: Missed or chronic Achilles tendon ruptures may have muscle atrophy and tendon retraction resulting in a defect that must be augmented with endogenous or exogenous materials. The Artelon® Tissue Reinforcement (ATR) scaffold is a readily available synthetic degradable poly(urethane urea) material used to augment tendon repair. The objective of this study was to compare human cadaveric Achilles tendon repairs with and without ATR.

Prevalence of overweight, obesity and underweight among 5-year-old children in Saint Lucia by three methods of classification and a comparison with historical rates.

Background: The study aimed to determine if child obesity rates have risen in the Caribbean nation of Saint Lucia, as found globally, and whether under-nutrition coexists, as in other developing nations. The average adult in Saint Lucia is overweight, thus considerable child obesity might be expected, but there are no current data.

Methods: Heights and weights were obtained from a sample (n= 425) of the 2001 birth cohort of Saint Lucian children measured during the nation-wide 2006/2007 Prior to School Entry Five-Year Assessment.

First metatarsophalangeal hemiarthroplasty for hallux rigidus.

There is a paucity of objective information in the literature about first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) hemiarthroplasty. The authors postulate that it is a reasonable treatment option for severe hallux rigidus in selected patients. Twenty-two elective first MTP hemiarthroplasties were performed on 20 patients that met the inclusion criteria.

Birth outcomes associated with prenatal participation in a government support programme for mothers with low incomes.

Background: Women with low incomes are at higher risk to have low-birthweight (LBW) babies and less likely to participate in prenatal support programmes than women with higher incomes. This study examined birth outcomes among participants in the Newfoundland and Labrador Mother-Baby Nutrition Supplement (MBNS), a prenatal programme for women with low incomes that provides a monthly financial supplement and printed information on infant health and development, along with a referral to public health nursing services.

Methods: Application data (e.

The risk of exposure to diagnostic ultrasound in postnatal subjects: nonthermal mechanisms.

This review examines the nonthermal physical mechanisms by which ultrasound can harm tissue in postnatal patients. First the physical nature of the more significant interactions between ultrasound and tissue is described, followed by an examination of the existing literature with particular emphasis on the pressure thresholds for potential adverse effects. The interaction of ultrasonic fields with tissue depends in a fundamental way on whether the tissue naturally contains undissolved gas under normal physiologic conditions.

Obesity in a provincial population of Canadian preschool children: differences between 1984 and 1997 birth cohorts.

Objective: To determine whether trends of increasing overweight and obesity reported for older children and adults are evident in Canadian preschoolers.

Methods: A sample of 3857 preschool-aged children (51.1% boys) in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador, born in 1984 and measured in 1987-1989, was selected from government archival records.

Threshold estimation of ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage in adult rabbits and comparison of thresholds in mice, rats, rabbits and pigs.

The objective of this study was to assess the threshold and superthreshold behavior of ultrasound (US)-induced lung hemorrhage in adult rabbits to gain greater understanding about species dependency. A total of 99 76 +/- 7.6-d-old 2.

Superthreshold behavior of ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage in adult rats: role of pulse repetition frequency and pulse duration.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to enhance the findings of an earlier ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage study (Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29:1625-1634) that estimated pressure thresholds as a function of pulse duration (PD: 1.3, 4.4, 8.

Superthreshold behavior of ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage in adult rats: role of pulse repetition frequency and exposure duration revisited.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to augment and reevaluate the ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage findings of a previous 5 x 3 factorial design study (Ultrasound Med Biol 2001; 27:267-277) that evaluated the role of pulse repetition frequency (PRF: 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 Hz) and exposure duration (ED; 5, 10, and 20 s) on ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage at an in situ (at the pleural surface) peak rarefactional pressure [pr(in situ)] of 12.3 MPa; only PRF was found to be significant. However, saturation (response plateau) due to the high pr(in situ) might have skewed the results.