Concentration of free amino acids in human milk of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and healthy women.

Objective: It is generally agreed that breastfeeding has a positive effect on the metabolic situation in diabetic mothers. However, negative long-term effects are described for breastfed offspring of diabetic women. It is unknown if the composition of free amino acids (FAAs) in breastmilk of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) differs from that in milk of healthy women.

Reduced stress tolerance of glutamine-deprived human monocytic cells is associated with selective down-regulation of Hsp70 by decreased mRNA stability.

In critically ill patients, clinicians observe a reverse correlation of survival and a decreased plasma concentration of the most abundant free amino acid, glutamine (Gln). However, in this context, the role of Gln remains largely elusive. Gln is used as an energy substrate by monocytes.