[Sex education for adolescents and adults-Max Hodann (1894-1946) in action].

Up to the 1970s, a cultural battle raged in Germany and Europe about the question of the sense to inform and educate young people about gender, sex, and sexuality. One physician realized early that it is important to educate adults about their bodies and their genital and genitourinary disorders. Max Hodann (1894-1946), thus, unintentionally flooded urological practices with countless patients.

[Early sources of urologic and venereologic sexual medicine from Vienna : Protagonists at the interface of two new medical specialties].

The Austrian Society for the Promotion of Sexual Medicine and Sexual Health (Österreichische Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Sexualmedizin und der Sexuellen Gesundheit [ÖGFSSG]) was founded in 2014. This foundation looked back upon the increasing efforts to develop this field of academic knowledge since the middle of the 19th century, in which Viennese medicine played an important role. This article highlights key Viennese players who had a particular interest in sexual medicine from a urological perspective around 1900.

[Looking back on 100 years of board certification for urology in Germany : Formation of a medical subject in the context of specialization and professionalization].

This article examines the development of urology as an independent medical discipline in Germany, with a particular focus on professionalization and specialization in the 19th and 20th centuries. Based on historical sources, the text illuminates the importance of the German medical profession's further training regulations as an instrument of medical self-administration and the classification of urology as a medical specialty in the Bremen guidelines of 1924, which established board certification in diseases of the urinary organs (urology).

[Innovations from the Baltic Sea region: Nils Alwall, Lembit Norviit, Adolfs Martins Steins and the artificial kidney].

In connection with the construction of one of the first practical dialysis machines, medical historians emphasize the work of the Swedish physician Nils Alwall. Together with his colleagues, he developed a device in the 1940s that could implement the combination of dialysis and ultrafiltration with membranes (cellophane tubes). Little known is the involvement of the physicians Lembit Norviit from Estonia and Adolfs Martins Steins from Latvia, both coauthors of the influential research article Clinical extracorporeal dialysis of blood with artificial kidney that was published in The Lancet in 1948 and the transfer of knowledge between Estonian, Latvian and Swedish researchers.

[Early origins of a physician specializing in sexual medicine from the urological perspective : Max Marcuse (1877-1963)-"physician for skin and urinary diseases"].

The development of sexual medicine starts in Europe in parallel to the evolving clinical specialties urology, venerology, gynecology, neurology/psychiatry, and internal medicine at the end of the 19th century in Berlin. For this reason, we find many examples of fruitful collaboration but also in segregation from each other in defining the new specialties. Max Marcuse, the only one of the well-known Berlin specialists Ivan Bloch, Magnus Hirschfeld, and Albert Moll to survive the Holocaust, was able to publish articles in Palestine and Israel from the 1930s to the 1960s.

[Carl Arthur Kollmann: urologist, venereologist and puppeteer from Leipzig].

While Felix Martin Oberländer (born in Dresden, Saxony, Germany) is remembered in German-speaking urology and abroad, and his name has been honored since 1997 with an award named after him, the memory and knowledge of Arthur Kollmann of Leipzig (Saxony, Germany) seems to have been nearly forgotten within urology in Germany and abroad. However, the memory of him in other fields of science in which he was involved, e.g.

["No discussions about discharge of semen!" : The wild life of the urologist Felix Schlagintweit (1868-1950)].

Felix Schlagintweit worked in a medical clinic, was co-owner of a sanatorium, had a private practice and wrote fictional books. He massively improved diagnostic methods (e.g.

[The genesis of informed consent in the context of medical research ethics 1900-1931].

At the turn of the 20th century, the problem of human experimentation and the need to obtain consent became more important among medical practitioners and the general public. The case of the venereologist Albert Neisser, among others, is used to trace the development of research ethics standards in Germany between the end of the 19th century and 1931. The concept of informed consent, which originated in research ethics, is also of central importance in clinical ethics today.

[Gentle hands bring relief. Thure Brandt's massage as a contemporary document and starting aid for urology].

Naturopathy and urology have little overlap in the present day, but in the Victorian era it was genital massage that made it clear to the medical profession that training specialized in diseases of the abdomen was necessary for physicians, otherwise patients would seek out lay healers and not clinics. This massage was developed in the 1850s by the Swedish officer Thure Brandt. It remained part of German medical practice until after World War II.

[Granting of venia legendi as an indicator of specialization : Victor von Ivánchich de Margita (1812-1892) "Lecturer for surgery of the urogenital organs" in Vienna in 1851].

Alongside Paris, Vienna was one of the early centers of specialization and professionalization in medicine and urology in the 19th century. Especially the 2nd Vienna Medical School (Erna Lesky) with its main representatives Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky (in Czech: Karel Rokytanský; 1804-1878) and Joseph Ritter von Škoda (1895-1881) was able to create the perfect scientific environment for young students to become acquainted with new fields of research often in an interdisciplinary setting, e.g.

[Felix Martin Oberländer (1851-1915) and his contributions to the medical specialty. A contribution to the history of science in urology and venerology].

While the culture of remembrance of Maximilian Nitze, honorary member of the American Urological Association (AUA), has been cultivated, the contributions of Felix Martin Oberländer have been less noticed although he was an editor of the famous urologic journal Zentralblatt für die Krankheiten der Harn- und Sexualorgane (central journal for diseases of the urinary tract and sexual organs), was also honorary member of the AUA in 1902 and the main "founding father" of the German Society of Urology (DGU).

[Why in Koenigsberg, why Samuel Jessner, why 1921? : History of the first university lectureship for sexology in Germany].

The dermatologist and venerologist Samuel Jessner (1895-1929) received a lectureship for sexology at the University of Koenigsberg (today: Russian Калининград, Kaliningrad) in 1921. Since 1928 he was also listed as a urologist in the Reichsmedizinalkalender (German Physician Address Calendar). In this article we trace his life and work and ask how Jessner was able to achieve this academic success in the periphery of German sexology and without close ties to its networks.

Why so few Nobel Prizes for cancer researchers? An analysis of Nobel Prize nominations for German physicians with a focus on Ernst von Leyden and Karl Heinrich Bauer.

Purpose: To date, 11 scientists have received the Nobel Prize for discoveries directly related to cancer research. This article provides an overview of cancer researchers nominated for the Nobel Prize from 1901 to 1960 with a focus on Ernst von Leyden (1832-1910), the founder of this journal, and Karl Heinrich Bauer (1890-1978).

Methods: We collected nominations and evaluations in the archive of the Nobel committee of physiology or medicine in Sweden to identify research trends and to analyse oncology in a Nobel Prize context.

[Saints and urology : The right saint for every disease].

During Medieval and Renaissance times up to the 19th century hagiotherapy was a common part of many different health offerings in society. Within the field of urology, kidney stone disease and venereal (sexually transmitted) diseases were the favourite subjects. Even today, the names of St.

Face masks: benefits and risks during the COVID-19 crisis.

Background: The German government has made it mandatory to wear respiratory masks covering mouth and nose (MNC) as an effective strategy to fight SARS-CoV-2 infections. In many countries, this directive has been extended on shopping malls or public transportation. The aim of this paper is to critically analyze the statutory regulation to wear protective masks during the COVID-19 crisis from a medical standpoint.

The history and value of face masks.

In the human population, social contacts are a key for transmission of bacteria and viruses. The use of face masks seems to be critical to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 for the period, in which therapeutic interventions are lacking. In this review, we describe the history of masks from the middle age to modern times.

[St. Corona-a patron saint against pandemics? : A short essay on the history of medicine and urology].

The knowledge of hagiography and hagiotherapy still plays an important role in the history of science, especially when focusing on specific aspects of history. While knowledge about St. Liborius persists in urology, knowledge about patron saints for pandemics, especially those who were called upon to treat venereal diseases, has diminished due to the association with nonappropriate sexual behavior.

[The Alken stages-a German-French affair].

Anatomy and pathophysiology of the prostate have gained increasing attention of anatomists and surgeons at the beginning of the 19th century. It was only around 1900 that French and German authors discussed staging of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in order to group therapy. From 1970 to the 1990s, staging of the clinical course of BPH was associated with the name of Carl-Erich Alken, a leading figure within the German urological society at that time, although Alken never researched or focused on disease staging.

"He Gave Us the Cornerstone of Sexual Medicine": A Nobel Plan but No Nobel Prize for Eugen Steinach.

This paper reviews the files in the archive of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine on the Austrian physiologist and pioneering researcher in the emerging fields of urology and sexual medicine: Eugen Steinach (1861-1944). It reconstructs and analyzes why and by whom Steinach was nominated for the Nobel Prize between 1920 and 1938 and discusses the reasons why he never received the award, although the Nobel Committee judged him as prizeworthy. Steinach's Nobel nominee career is extraordinary - not only because of his strong support by renowned international nominators from different scientific and medical disciplines, but also because of the controversial discussions within the Nobel Committee on his achievements, colored by the debates in the international scientific community.

[Women in urology and the culture of remembrance: Dora Brücke-Teleky (1879-1967)].

Women have long been underrepresented in medicine and urology, and thus also in the history of medicine and urology. However, within the last 10 years there has been an increase in the focus on gender studies, including the relevant topics within the history of science. Within urology the difficult pathway for women to enter the job in Austria could be analysed, which now allows them to be included in the general culture of remembrance.