A combined approach of electrodialysis pretreatment and vacuum UV for removing micropollutants from natural waters.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) augment traditional water treatment methods, enhancing the removal of persistent contaminants. Efficiency of AOPs that utilize UV radiation for oxidants generation (e.g.

Fate of antibiotics and hormones during hydrothermal carbonization of poultry litter: degradation kinetics and toxicity assessment of filtrates and hydrochars.

This study investigated degradation kinetics of five selected organic micropollutants (OMPs) present in poultry litter (namely: sulfadiazine, tetracycline, and doxycycline hyclate (antibiotics); estrone and 17-β-estradiol (hormones)) during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) treatment as the temperature stepwise increased to 250 °C. All five pure OMPs were completely degraded before 250 °C was reached during the HTC process. Nevertheless, presence of poultry litter slowed down the degradation of OMPs.

A novel approach for accurate quantification of lake residence time - Lake Kinneret as a case study.

Water residence time, which is affected by increasing water demands and climate change, plays a crucial role in lakes and reservoirs since it influences many natural physical and ecological processes that eventually impact the water quality of the waterbody. Thus, accurate quantification of the water residence time and its distribution is an important tool in lake management. In this study we present a novel approach for assessing the residence time in lakes and reservoirs.

Regressing SARS-CoV-2 Sewage Measurements Onto COVID-19 Burden in the Population: A Proof-of-Concept for Quantitative Environmental Surveillance.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an RNA virus, a member of the coronavirus family of respiratory viruses that includes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). It has had an acute and dramatic impact on health care systems, economies, and societies of affected countries during the past 8 months. Widespread testing and tracing efforts are being employed in many countries in attempts to contain and mitigate this pandemic.

HS Removal from Groundwater by Chemical Free Advanced Oxidation Process Using UV-C/VUV Radiation.

Sulfide species may be present in groundwater due to natural processes or due to anthropogenic activity. HS contamination poses odor nuisance and may also lead to adverse health effects. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are considered promising treatments for hydrogen-sulfide removal from water, but conventional AOPs usually require continuous chemical dosing, as well as post-treatment, when solid catalysts are applied.

Removal of organic micropollutants from biologically treated greywater using continuous-flow vacuum-UV/UVC photo-reactor.

Despite growing apprehension regarding the fate of organic micropollutants (MPs) of emerging concern, little attention has been paid to their presence in domestic greywater, where they mainly originate from personal care products. Many MPs are not fully removed in conventional greywater treatments and require additional treatment. Vacuum-UV radiation (VUV) can generate ·OH in situ, via water photolysis, initiating advanced oxidation process (AOP) without any chemical addition.

Greywater reuse - Assessment of the health risk induced by Legionella pneumophila.

Greywater (GW), domestic wastewater excluding the streams generated by toilets and kitchens, can serve as an alternative water source. The main options for GW reuse are toilet flushing and garden irrigation, both generating aerosols. These may transmit inhalable pathogens like Legionella and present a potential health risk.

Photodegradation of micropollutants using V-UV/UV-C processes; Triclosan as a model compound.

Non-potable reuse of treated wastewater is becoming widespread as means to address growing water scarcity. Removal of micropollutants (MPs) from such water often requires advanced oxidation processes using OH radicals. OH can be generated in-situ via water photolysis under vacuum-UV (λ<200nm) irradiation.

Sorption and biodegradation of propylparaben in greywater by aerobic attached-growth biomass.

Greywater (GW) is becoming an important alternative water source for non-potable purposes, but requires treatment to remove contaminants, including micropollutants that in GW mainly originate from personal care products. Biofilters are commonly used for onsite GW treatment, but there are still significant knowledge gaps regarding their ability and mechanism of micropollutants removal. This study investigates the removal of propylparaben (PPB) by aerobic attached-growth biomass, quantifying the kinetics and the interplay between sorption and biodegradation.

Impacts of onsite greywater reuse on wastewater systems.

Together with significant water savings that onsite greywater reuse (GWR) may provide, it may also affect the performance of urban sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In order to examine these effects, an integrated stochastic simulation system for GWR in urban areas was developed. The model includes stochastic generators of domestic wastewater streams and gross solids (GSs), a sewer network model which includes hydrodynamic simulation and a GS transport module, and a dynamic process model of the WWTP.

Urban rainwater harvesting systems: Research, implementation and future perspectives.

While the practice of rainwater harvesting (RWH) can be traced back millennia, the degree of its modern implementation varies greatly across the world, often with systems that do not maximize potential benefits. With a global focus, the pertinent practical, theoretical and social aspects of RWH are reviewed in order to ascertain the state of the art. Avenues for future research are also identified.

Comparative LCA of decentralized wastewater treatment alternatives for non-potable urban reuse.

Municipal wastewater (WW) effluent represents a reliable and significant source for reclaimed water, very much needed nowadays. Water reclamation and reuse has become an attractive option for conserving and extending available water sources. The decentralized approach to domestic WW treatment benefits from the advantages of source separation, which makes available simple small-scale systems and on-site reuse, which can be constructed on a short time schedule and occasionally upgraded with new technological developments.

Liquid-Desiccant Vapor Separation Reduces the Energy Requirements of Atmospheric Moisture Harvesting.

An innovative atmospheric moisture harvesting system is proposed, where water vapor is separated from the air prior to cooling and condensation. The system was studied using a model that simulates its three interconnected cycles (air, desiccant, and water) over a range of ambient conditions, and optimal configurations are reported for different operation conditions. Model results were compared to specifications of commercial atmospheric moisture harvesting systems and found to represent saving of 5-65% of the electrical energy requirements due to the vapor separation process.

Legionella spp. isolation and quantification from greywater.

Legionella, an opportunistic human pathogen whose natural environment is water, is transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Legionella has been isolated from a high diversity of water types. Due its importance as a pathogen, two ISO protocols have been developed for its monitoring.

Epidemiological study for the assessment of health risks associated with graywater reuse for irrigation in arid regions.

Graywater reuse is rapidly gaining popularity as a viable source of reclaimed water, mainly for garden irrigation and toilet flushing. The purpose of this study was to determine, by epidemiological survey, the risk for gastroenteritis symptoms associated with graywater reuse. The study comprised a weekly health questionnaire answered by both graywater users and non-graywater users (control group) regarding their health status over a period of 1year, and periodic sampling for graywater quality.

Legionella pneumophila: From potable water to treated greywater; quantification and removal during treatment.

Greywater is an alternative water source that can help alleviate stress on depleted water resources. The main options for greywater reuse are toilet flushing and garden irrigation, both producing aerosols. For that reason transmission of inhalable pathogens like Legionella present a potential risk.

Environmental impact of irrigation with greywater treated by recirculating vertical flow constructed wetlands in two climatic regions.

Reuse of greywater (GW) has raised environmental and public health concerns. Specifically, these concerns relate to onsite treatment operated by non-professionals; systems must therefore be reliable, simple to use and also economically feasible if they are to be widely used. The aims of this study were to: (a) investigate GW treatment efficiency using 20 full-scale recirculating vertical flow constructed wetlands (RVFCWs) operated in households in arid and Mediterranean regions; and (b) study the long-term effects of irrigation with treated GW on soil properties.

Parameters affecting greywater quality and its safety for reuse.

Reusing greywater (GW) for on-site irrigation is becoming a common practice worldwide. Alongside its benefits, GW reuse might pose health and environmental risks. The current study assesses the risks associated with on-site GW reuse and the main factors affecting them.

Greywater use in Israel and worldwide: standards and prospects.

Water shortage around the world enhanced the search for alternative sources. Greywater (GW) can serve as a solution for water demands especially in arid and semi-arid zones. However, issues considered which include acceptability of GW segregation as a separate water treated stream, allowing its use onsite.

Polyaluminium chloride as an alternative to alum for the direct filtration of drinking water.

The efficiency of various polyaluminium chloride coagulants (PACls) was compared to the efficiency of aluminium sulfate (alum) in the coagulation-flocculation process preceding direct filtration in drinking water treatment. The comparative study consisted of two separate yet complementary series of experiments: the first series included short (5-7 h) and long (24 h) filter runs conducted at a pilot filtration plant equipped with large filter columns that simulated full-scale filters. Partially treated surface water from the Sea of Galilee, characterized by very low turbidity (-1 NTU), was used.

Multi-objective evolutionary optimization for greywater reuse in municipal sewer systems.

Sustainable design and implementation of greywater reuse (GWR) has to achieve an optimum compromise between costs and potable water demand reduction. Studies show that GWR is an efficient tool for reducing potable water demand. This study presents a multi-objective optimization model for estimating the optimal distribution of different types of GWR homes in an existing municipal sewer system.

Fuel derived pollutants and boating activity patterns in the Sea of Galilee.

MTBE (Methyl tert-Butyl Ether) is a fuel additive that replaced lead as an antiknock compound in internal combustion motors. Few years after its introduction, detectable levels of MTBE were found in various water bodies. MTBE has a very low taste and odor threshold and is a potential carcinogen.