Residual Central Nervous System Immune Activation Is Not Prevented by Antiretroviral Therapy Initiated During Early Chronic HIV Infection.

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiated during acute infection can potentially impact the central nervous system (CNS) reservoir, but the differential long-term effects of ART initiation during early or late chronic infection are unknown.

Methods: We included neuroasymptomatic people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with suppressive ART initiated during chronic (>1 year since transmission) HIV with archived cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples after 1 and/or ≥3 years of ART from a cohort study. CSF and serum neopterin was measured using a commercial immunoassay (BRAHMS, Germany).

[The virtual ward - the students' clinical education during the current pandemic].

On March 17, 2020, the Swedish Government recommended all higher education institutions to move to online and distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The integrated course in Infection, Microbiology, and Immunity at the Programme in Medicine at University of Gothenburg had to be completely transformed. Creative solutions have now replaced the clinical training that normally takes place during the students' clinical education at the hospital.

CACNA1C polymorphism and altered phosphorylation of tau in bipolar disorder.

Several genome-wide association studies and case-control studies have associated the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1006737, situated in CACNA1C encoding the alpha 1C subunit of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel, with bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders. However, the causal pathway linking genetic variants in CACNA1C with increased risk for developing brain disorders remains unclear. Here, we explored the association between the rs1006737 SNP and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers.