Brain MRI Screening for Bilateral Retinoblastoma Patients.

Purpose: Trilateral retinoblastoma (TRB), intracranial neoplasm in heritable retinoblastoma patients, is a very rare fatal disease. Many ocular oncology centers conduct routine screening of retinoblastoma patients by brain imaging. Nevertheless, there is a debate regarding its ability to prolong TRB patients' survival and the number-needed-to-treat.

Treatment Outcomes and Definition Inconsistencies in High-Risk Unilateral Retinoblastoma.

Purpose: To compare the clinical outcomes of children with unilateral retinoblastoma (Rb) and high-risk histopathology features (HRHF) following upfront enucleation with/without adjuvant chemotherapy, and investigate cases locally considered non-HRHF but converted to a standardized HRHF definition.

Design: Retrospective multinational clinical cohort study.

Methods: Children with Rb who presented to 21 centers from 12 countries between 2011-2020, and underwent primary enucleation were recruited.

Allowing ad libitum sleep during overnight polysomnography affects Multiple Sleep Latency Test results in patients being assessed for hypersomnolence.

Study Objectives: The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) is a key diagnostic component in the diagnosis of central disorders of hypersomnolence. Due to time constraints, it is common practice to wake patients at a standard time from overnight polysomnography (PSG) prior to the MSLT. This has the potential to influence MSLT results due to sleep deprivation.

The life story of Albert W. Frenkel (1919-2015): a pioneer in photosynthesis research.

In this historical perspective, we focus on selected discoveries that Albert Frenkel (1919-2015) made all by himself - single-handedly - which is the discovery of photophosphorylation and NAD reduction in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Then, we present various aspects of his research life through his unpublished letters with some key scientists in his research field. To give a glimpse of his personal life, we have also provided some photographs.

Real-world experience with belantamab mafodotin therapy for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: A multicentre retrospective study.

Belantamab mafodotin, an immuno-conjugate targeting B-cell maturation antigen, showed single-agent activity in phase 1 and 2 studies, and was recently approved for heavily pretreated relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients. Real-world data and long-term follow-up are scarce. We conducted a multisite retrospective study aimed to assess safety and efficacy of belantamab mafodotin monotherapy administered via the GSK expanded access compassionate care programme.

Narcolepsy: Comorbidities, complexities and future directions.

Patients with narcolepsy live with a lifelong sleep-wake disorder, impairing their quality of life, productivity, educational and employment outcomes. Clinicians are becoming aware that a significant aspect of the burden of this disease relates to frequent comorbid conditions, including aspects of the patient's emotional, metabolic, sleep and immune health. This review explores the literature describing the comorbidities seen in patients with narcolepsy, to enhance understanding of these often complex presentations.

Orbital nodular fasciitis in child with biallelic germline RBL2 variant.

RBL2/p130 is one of three highly conserved members of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein family. It is strongly upregulated during neuronal differentiation and brain development, and is critical for survival of post-mitotic neurons. Similar to RB1, it has been implicated as a tumor suppressor gene and has been shown to be dysregulated in various types of cancer.

Vitreoretinal lymphoma: Central nervous system lymphoma risk with unilateral or bilateral ocular tumour. A multicentre collaboration.

Objectives: To investigate the risk of developing central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma in patients with vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) presenting with unilateral versus (vs.) bilateral ocular involvement.

Methods: Retrospective, multicentre cohort study from January 1, 1984 to December 31, 2020.

Defining High-risk Retinoblastoma: A Multicenter Global Survey.

Importance: High-risk histopathologic features of retinoblastoma are useful to assess the risk of systemic metastasis. In this era of globe salvage treatments for retinoblastoma, the definition of high-risk retinoblastoma is evolving.

Objective: To evaluate variations in the definition of high-risk histopathologic features for metastasis of retinoblastoma in different ocular oncology practices around the world.

From Rana Plaza to COVID-19: Deficiencies and opportunities for a new labour governance system in garment global supply chains.

The 2013 Rana Plaza disaster highlighted the failure of labour regulation in global garment value chains. Eight years on, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, what changes have occurred in labour regulation and with what consequences for workers? Using the concept of a labour governance system (LGS), the authors show that, despite improvements in building and worker safety regulation, the garment LGS remains weak and wages, working hours and the treatment of workers show little improvement. The pandemic appears to have exacerbated these deficiencies but it may also offer an opportunity to strengthen the LGS along lines proposed in this article.

Consensus Recommendations for the Diagnosis of Vitreoretinal Lymphoma.

Purpose: To provide recommendations for diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL).

Methods: Literature was reviewed for reports supporting the diagnosis of VRL. A questionnaire (Delphi 1 round) was distributed to 28 participants.

Efficacy and safety of intravitreal methotrexate for vitreo-retinal lymphoma - 20 years of experience.

Vitreo-retinal lymphoma (VRL) is the most common intraocular lymphoma and is highly associated with central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma (CNSL), both posing a therapeutic challenge. We investigated patients' characteristics, efficacy and safety of intravitreal methotrexate (MTX) injections and their outcomes over 20 years. The records of 129 patients diagnosed between 1997 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed.

Kikuchi Disease: A Case Report.

Background: Kikuchi disease, also known as Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, is a rare, benign cause of cervical lymphadenitis. It is characterized by painful cervical lymphadenopathy with fevers, leukopenia, and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It is diagnosed by obtaining a biopsy specimen from a lymph node that shows characteristic histopathologic findings.

Ophthalmology practice during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: To present an established practice protocol for safe and effective hospital-setting ophthalmic practice during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods And Analysis: Literature was reviewed to identify articles relevant to COVID-19 pandemic and ophthalmology. The following keywords were used: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 and telemedicine, combined with eye, ophthalmology, conjunctivitis and tears.

The "Crab" Memory Tool for the Actions of the Extraocular Muscles.

Introduction: Understanding the primary, secondary and tertiary actions of the vertical recti and oblique muscles is important in the diagnosis of various types of strabismus (superior oblique palsy, A- and V-patterns). Unfortunately, learning these actions can be very challenging. We designed a visual memory tool, and assessed its usefulness for medical students.

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale.

The importance of cytokines analysis in the diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of the different diagnostic tests for vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL).

Methods: A cohort of 150 patients with a presumed diagnosis of VRL. Vitrectomy samples were analysed for cytology, monoclonality [polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] and cytokine levels, and anterior chamber taps were analysed for cytokine levels.