Coffee extraction kinetics in a well mixed system.

The extraction of coffee solubles from roasted and ground coffee is a complex operation, the understanding of which is key to the brewing of high quality coffee. This complexity stems from the fact that brewing of coffee is achieved through a wide variety of techniques each of which depends on a large number of process variables. In this paper, we consider a recent, experimentally validated model of coffee extraction, which describes extraction from a coffee bed using a double porosity model.

Real-time lesion assessment using a novel combined ultrasound and radiofrequency ablation catheter.

Background: Assessment of lesion size and transmurality is currently via indirect measures. Real-time image assessment may allow ablation parameters to be titrated to achieve transmurality and reduce recurrences due to incomplete lesions.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to visualize lesion formation in real time using a novel combined ultrasound and externally irrigated ablation catheter.