Effect of case detection strategies on the prognosis of tuberculosis patients in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, 2010-19: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Despite existing recommendations, there is still a scarcity of evidence on the impact of active case finding strategies versus passive case finding strategies, especially with regard to the mortality of tuberculosis patients. Therefore, our aim was to estimate the effect of case detection strategies on the prognosis of tuberculosis patients.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 160,384 new cases of tuberculosis patients diagnosed between 1 January 2010 and 31 August 2019 in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Composite endpoints in COVID-19 randomized controlled trials: a systematic review.

Background/aims: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ordinal, binary, and numerical composite endpoints among coronavirus disease 2019 trials and the potential bias attributable to their use.

Methods: We systematically reviewed the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register to assess the prevalence, characteristics, and bias associated with using composite endpoints in coronavirus disease 2019 randomized clinical trials. We compared the effect measure (relative risk) of composite outcomes and that of its most critical component (i.

Effectiveness of mass dengue vaccination with CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia®) in the state of Paraná, Brazil: integrating case-cohort and case-control designs.

Background: CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia®) was the first dengue vaccine approved, launched in Brazil in 2015 for individuals aged 9-44 years. We aimed to estimate the effectiveness of CYD-TDV in preventing symptomatic dengue cases during a campaign targeting individuals aged 15-27 years in selected municipalities in Paraná, Brazil. Additionally, we examined whether a history of dengue, as recorded by the surveillance system, modified the vaccine's effectiveness.

Interactive monitoring dashboards for the COVID-19 pandemic in the world anticipating waves of the disease in Brazil with the use of open data.

Objective: Describe the development, implementation, and utilization of dashboards for epidemiological analysis through open data research during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: The dashboards were designed to analyze COVID-19 related public data from various sources, including official government data and social media, at world level. Data processing and cleaning techniques were used to join datasets.

The economic burden of households affected by tuberculosis in Brazil: First national survey results, 2019-2021.

Background: One of the three main targets of the World Health Organization (WHO) End TB Strategy (2015-2035) is that no tuberculosis (TB) patients or their households face catastrophic costs (defined as exceeding 20% of the annual household income) because of the disease. Our study seeks to determine, as a baseline, the magnitude and main drivers of the costs associated with TB disease for patients and their households and to monitor the proportion of households experiencing catastrophic costs in Brazil.

Methods: A national cross-sectional cluster-based survey was conducted in Brazil in 2019-2021 following WHO methodology.

How has the municipal availability of the GeneXpert®MTB/RIF system affected the detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Brazil?

Objective: To evaluate the association between the availability of GeneXpert®MTB/RIF in municipalities and the proportion of people who have access to this diagnostic technology for tuberculosis (TB), as well as the resistance detected by the surveillance system in Brazil.

Methods: We analysed 4998 Brazilian municipalities that reported 432,937 new TB cases between 2015 and 2020. We compared municipalities with and without the availability of GeneXpert®MTB/RIF regarding the effective access to GeneXpert®MTB/RIF diagnosis and the prevalence of detected resistance.

Is chemical exposure present in informal work associated with Sars-CoV-2 infection?

Objective: To compare the incidence of covid-19 symptoms between informal home-based workers and a control group and to assess the association of these cases with blood elements concentrations and other relevant risk factors for Sars-Cov-2 infection.

Methods: Welders chemically exposed to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (n = 26) and control participants (n = 25) answered questionnaires on adherence to social distancing and signs and symptoms of the disease for five months during the covid-19 pandemic. After follow-up, covid-19 serology tests were performed on a subsample of 12 chemically exposed workers and 20 control participants.

House Condition Scoring Scale as a Risk Indicator of Infestation by Aedes in Two Mexican Localities.

Mexico has shown an increase in dengue incidence rates. There are factors related to the location that determine housing infestation by Aedes. This study aimed to determine factors associated with housing infestation by immature forms of Aedes spp.

Mercury Exposure in Women of Reproductive Age in Rondônia State, Amazon Region, Brazil.

Environmental contamination by mercury (Hg) is a problem of global scale that affects human health. This study's aim was to evaluate Hg exposure among women of reproductive age residing in the Madeira River basin, in the State of Rondônia, Brazilian Amazon. This longitudinal cohort study used linear regression models to assess the effects on Hg levels of breastfeeding duration at 6 months, and of breastfeeding duration and number of new children at 2-year and 5-year.

Early estimates of the incidence trend and the reproductive number of the monkeypox epidemic in Brazil.

Background: We aimed to calculate the weekly growth of the incidence and the effective reproductive number (Rt) of the 2022 Monkeypox epidemic during its introduction in Brazil.

Method: We described the case distribution in the country and calculated the incidence trend and the Rt in the four geographical states with the highest case reports. By using two regression approaches, count model and the Prais-Winsten, we calculated the relative incidence increase.

Race (black-white) and sex inequalities in tooth loss: A population-based study.

The effect of health inequalities is determined by different socioeconomic, sex, and race conditions. This study aimed to analyze the association of tooth loss with race (defined by self-reported skin color) and sex. Based on the hypothesis that the association between tooth loss and race may be modified by sex, we also aimed to evaluate possible interactions between race and sex in association with this event, in a population-based study in the city of Campinas, Brazil.

Environmental factors associated with the time to tuberculosis diagnosis in prisoners in São Paulo, Brazil.

Background: Environmental conditions play an important role in the high incidence of tuberculosis in prisons. We estimated the effect of environmental factors, including measurements based on cell dimensions, on the time to tuberculosis diagnosis in prison population of Brazil.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort of 2,257 prisoners diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2014 and 2015.

Early clinical and microbiological predictors of outcome in hospitalized patients with cryptococcal meningitis.

Background: Cryptococcal meningitis causes high mortality in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. The objective of this study was to identify early predictors of clinical outcome, available at the first days of hospitalization, in patients with cryptococcal meningitis in a tertiary center in Brazil.

Methods: Ninety-six cases of cryptococcal meningitis with clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data, and identification and antifungal susceptibility of the strains were analyzed.

Evaluation of the initial response in clinical trial efforts for COVID-19 in Brazil.

Objective: To describe the methodological characteristics and good research practices of COVID-19 interventional studies developed in Brazil in the first months of the pandemic.

Methods: We reviewed the bulletin of the National Research Ethics Committee - Coronavirus Special Edition (Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa - CONEP-COVID) (May 28, 2020) and the databases of the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), ClinicalTrials.gov, and Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos - ReBEC) to identify interventional studies registered in Brazil that assessed drug type, biological therapy, or vaccines.

Estimating and testing an index of bias attributable to composite outcomes in comparative studies.

Objectives: This study aimed to develop an index to evaluate the bias attributable to composite outcomes (BACOs) in comparative clinical studies.

Study Design And Setting: The author defined the BACO index as the ratio of the logarithm of the association measure (e.g.

Factors associated with diarrheal disease in the rural Caribbean region of Colombia.

Objective: To analyze factors associated with diarrheal disease in the rural Caribbean region of Colombia.

Method: A cross-sectional study conducted in the rural area of the Cesar Department, Colombia, between November 2017 and June 2018. Self-reported cases of diarrheal disease were surveyed, and water samples from 42 households were collected and analyzed.