The Potential Role of Probiotics in the Management of Osteoarthritis Pain: Current Status and Future Prospects.

Purpose Of Review: This narrative review article comprehensively explains the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) pain perception, how the gut microbiota is correlated with it, possible molecular pathways involved in probiotics-mediated OA pain reduction, limitations in the current research approaches, and future perspectives.

Recent Findings: The initiation and progression of OA, including the development of chronic pain, is intricately associated with activation of the innate immune system and subsequent inflammatory responses. Trauma, lifestyle (e.

Importance of the formulation in the skin delivery of topical diclofenac: not all topical diclofenac formulations are the same.

The current study aimed to compare 2 topical diclofenac products (diclofenac diethylamine [DEA] 1.16% emulsion and diclofenac sodium [Na] 5% gel). The quantitative evaluation of skin permeability and the qualitative evaluation of their physical characteristics were performed.