Association of continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy and diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: A national cohort study.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the short-and long-term effect on diabetic retinopathy (DR) in individuals with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin injections (CSII) compared to those using multiple daily injections (MDI).

Methods: We conducted a register-based matched cohort study utilizing data from the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy as well as several other national Danish health registers. Our cohort consisted of all individuals with type 1 diabetes who attended the Danish screening program for DR from 2013 to 2022.

Risk of post-injection endophthalmitis peaks within the first three injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy: A nationwide registry-based study.

Purpose: To report the incidence of post-injection endophthalmitis (PIE) and the cumulative risk associated with repeated injections of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF).

Methods: We employed nationwide registries in Denmark to include all individuals aged ≥40 years who received at least one intravitreal anti-VEGF injection in 2007-2022. Our primary endpoint PIE was identified using specific diagnostic codes for endophthalmitis and procedure codes for vitreous biopsy within 10 days prior to and 120 days post-injection.

Presence and development of diabetic retinopathy in 16 999 patients with type 1 diabetes in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose: To evaluate the five-year incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and associated risk markers in patients with type 1 diabetes in the national Danish DR-screening programme.

Methods: Based on national data, we included all 16 999 patients with type 1 diabetes in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy, who attended the national screening programme in the period 2013-2018. According to the worse eye at first screening, DR was classified (levels 0-4) and linked with various national health registries to retrieve information on diabetes duration, systemic comorbidity, and medication.

Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy According to Subtype of Type 2 Diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disease that can be subdivided on the basis of β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. We investigated the presence, incidence, and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) according to subtypes of type 2 diabetes. In a national cohort, we identified three subtypes of type 2 diabetes: classical, hyperinsulinemic, and insulinopenic type 2 diabetes, based on HOMA2 measurements.

Diabetic retinopathy as an independent marker of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes: Results from a nationwide longitudinal matched case-cohort study.

Purpose: To investigate diabetic retinopathy (DR) as a potential marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults with type 1 diabetes attending the Danish DR-screening programme and non-diabetes adults.

Methods: In this registry-based matched case-cohort study, we identified 16 547 adults with type 1 diabetes, who were registered in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy (DiaBase). Each case was age- and sex-matched by five non-diabetes individuals (n = 82 399), and odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated for incident and upcoming CVD in multivariable models.

Retinal vein occlusion as an age-dependent marker of incident dementia in a long-term Danish national cohort.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate retinal vein occlusion (RVO) as an independent marker of incident dementia.

Methods: In a prospective nationwide cohort study, we identified 2 225 568 individuals through the Danish national health registers. Individuals older than 65 years, without unspecified retinal vascular occlusion or dementia were included from 1998 to 2020 and followed until 2022.

Structural and Metabolic Retinal Changes Associated With Mild Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes.

Unlabelled: Type 2 diabetes is associated with cognitive impairment and a twofold increased risk of dementia compared with age-matched individuals without diabetes. Given that the eye and the brain share similar embryologic origin and anatomical features, the retina offers a unique window to the brain. In this study, we wanted to determine whether there was a difference in retinal imaging-based neuronal and vascular markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes with or without mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Longitudinal bidirectional associations between diabetic retinopathy and diagnosed depression: Results from a Danish nationwide registry-based cohort study.

Objective: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a feared complication and a leading course of visual impairment, but the connection between DR and depression including the direction has never been studied in a nationwide cohort. We aimed to assess, whether the associations between DR and diagnosed depression are bidirectional.

Methods: We performed a national register-based cohort study of individuals with type 2 diabetes, who attended diabetic eye screening between January 2013 and June 2022.

Retinal artery occlusion does not act as an independent marker of upcoming dementia: results from a Danish 20-year cohort study.

Purpose: Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is a vision threatening disease associated with cerebral vascular dysfunction, which may reflect initial signs of cerebral pathology. Early detection of patients in risk of dementia could allow for preventative treatment. Hence, this study aimed to investigate RAO as an independent biomarker of incident dementia.

Bariatric surgery in individuals with type 2 diabetes is not associated with short or long-term risk of diabetic retinopathy progression: results from a nationwide cohort study.

Aims: Bariatric surgery is used to induce weight loss and glycemic stability in type 2 diabetes (T2D). It has been a concern that this may lead to early worsening of diabetic retinopathy (DR) due to a rapid decline in HbA1c. In this study, we evaluated the risk of short and long-term DR development and need for ocular intervention in an entire nation of individuals with T2D undergoing bariatric surgery.

Predictive value of retinal oximetry, optical coherence tomography angiography and microperimetry in patients with treatment-naïve branch retinal vein occlusion.

Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors have substantially improved the visual outcomes in patients with macular edema (ME) caused by branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), but treatment outcomes are highly variable and early prediction of expected clinical outcome would be important for individualized treatment.As non-invasive metabolic, structural and functional retinal markers might act as early predictors of clinical outcomes, we performed a 12-month, prospective study aimed to evaluate if baseline retinal oximetry, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) or microperimetry were able to predict need of treatment, structural or functional outcome in patients with ME caused by treatment-näive BRVO.We evaluated 41 eyes of 41 patients with a mean age of 69.

Five-Year Incidence of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Risk Factors in a Nationwide Cohort of 201 945 Danish Patients with Diabetes.

Purpose: To evaluate the proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) progression rates and identify the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who later developed PDR compared with patients who did not progress to that state.

Design: A national 5-year register-based cohort study including 201 945 patients with diabetes.

Subjects: Patients with diabetes who had attended the Danish national screening program (2013-2018) for diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Retinal microvascular markers in type 2 diabetes subphenotypes and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults.

Purpose: To estimate if newly diagnosed patients with different subphenotypes of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) differ with respect to subclinical retinal microvascular structure or diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: This population-based, cross-sectional study of 340 patients (675 eyes) classified patients with recently diagnosed T2DM in different subphenotypes according to beta cell function and insulin sensitivity in to; classical (n = 218), hyperinsulinaemic (n = 86), insulinopenic (n = 20), or LADA (n = 16). Retinal 6-field images were graded according to the International Clinical DR Severity Scale by a retinal expert.

Bidirectional 5-year risks of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and/or ocular hypertension: Results from a national screening programme.

Purpose: We aimed to investigate if diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma and/or ocular hypertension (OHT) are prospectively linked, as previous studies have proposed cross-sectional associations, but longitudinal data from larger cohorts are lacking.

Methods: We performed a bidirectional 5 years prospective, registry-based cohort study. We extracted data from national registers, including the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy, the Danish Civil Registration System, the Danish National Patient Register and the Danish National Prescription Registry.

Presence and development of diabetic retinopathy in 153 238 patients with type 2 diabetes in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) along with associated markers in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Danish DR-screening programme.

Methods: We included all persons with type 2 diabetes in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy, who had attended at least one episode of DR screening in 2013-2018. DR was classified as levels 0-4 indicating increasing severity.

Navigated laser and aflibercept versus aflibercept monotherapy in treatment-naïve branch retinal vein occlusion: A 12-month randomized trial.

Purpose: Angiostatic agents have proven effective in the treatment of macular oedema in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). However, treatment is inconvenient and expensive, and novel treatment regimens are warranted. We aimed to evaluate if combination treatment of navigated central retinal laser and aflibercept lowered the treatment burden in these patients.

Diabetic Retinopathy Predicts Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: A Danish Registry-Based Nationwide Cohort Study.

Background: Retinal neurodegeneration is evident in early diabetic retinopathy (DR) which may be associated with other neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Objective: To investigate diabetes and DR as a risk marker of present and incident AD.

Methods: A register-based cohort study was performed.

Diabetic retinopathy as a potential marker of Parkinson's disease: a register-based cohort study.

Neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, and an association between diabetic retinopathy and Parkinson's disease has been proposed. In this nationwide register-based cohort study, we investigated the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease among patients screened for diabetic retinopathy in a Danish population-based cohort. Cases ( = 173 568) above 50 years of age with diabetes included in the Danish Registry of Diabetic Retinopathy between 2013 and 2018 were matched 1:5 by gender and birth year with a control population without diabetes ( = 843 781).

Relationship between Diabetic Retinopathy and Systemic Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Topic: To examine the potential role of systemic neurodegeneration, this study aimed to provide an overview of the available evidence on the relationship between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and systemic neurodegeneration.

Clinical Relevance: The association between DR and systemic neurodegeneration is inconsistent in the literature. A summary estimate on the measures of association is important to establish whether DR may be used as a risk marker of systemic neurodegeneration.

Feasibility, repeatability, and reproducibility of contemporary diastolic parameters and classification.

Purpose: To evaluate feasibility, time of acquisition, retest repeatability and reproducibility of echocardiographic indexes and classification algorithms of diastolic function.

Methods: A total of 356 patients were examined before coronary artery bypass-grafting and/or aortic valve surgery. A subgroup of 50 was examined with 3 successive echocardiograms in conditions reflecting daily clinical practice.

Global longitudinal strain before cardiac surgery: Improving feasibility, reproducibility, and variability.

Background: Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a predictor of outcome after cardiac surgery. If integrated into clinical decision-making and timing of surgery, it is important to evaluate the feasibility, reproducibility, and variation of GLS in this selection of patients, where poor image quality and nontraceable segments are frequent.

Methods And Results: Two-dimensional strain analysis was performed on 250 patients planned to undergo open-heart surgery.

Assessment of left ventricular outflow tract and aortic root: comparison of 2D and 3D transthoracic echocardiography with multidetector computed tomography.

Aims: Accurate echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and the aortic root is necessary for risk stratification and choice of appropriate treatment in patients with pathologies of the aortic valve and aortic root. Conventional 2D transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) assessment is based on the assumption of a circular shaped LVOT and aortic root, although previous studies have indicated a more ellipsoid shape. 3D TTE and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) applies planimetry and are not dependent on geometrical assumptions.

Semi-automated estimation of left ventricular ejection fraction by two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiography is feasible, time-efficient, and reproducible.

Purpose: To compare two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) methods to estimate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with respect to feasibility, time consumption, and retest reproducibility.

Methods: A total of 100 patients planned to undergo coronary artery bypass grafting and/or aortic valve replacement were included consecutively. 2D and 3D echocardiography was performed on all patients.