Validity and reliability of the audit and CAGE-AID in Northern Plains American Indians.

According to the Indian Health Service, substance abuse and Type 2 diabetes are serious problems among Native Americans. To assess substance use in a medical setting, valid screening tests are needed so the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a simple brief screen for excessive drinking, and the CAGE-adapted to Include Drugs (CAGE-AID) for identifying primary care patients with alcohol and drug disorders were given 50 Northern Plains American Indians with diabetes. Both are short, easy to administer, have good sensitivity and specificity, and can be easily incorporated into a medical history protocol or intake procedure.

Incidence of lower-extremity amputation in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study.

Objective: To define incidence and predictors of nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation (LEA) in a diverse cohort of American Indians with diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: The Strong Heart Study is a study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in 13 American-Indian communities. Data on the presence/absence of amputations were collected at each of three serial examinations (1989-1992, 1993-1995, and 1997-1999) by direct examination of the lower extremity.

Relation of lower-extremity amputation to all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study.

Objective: To compare risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in people with a lower-extremity amputation (LEA) attributable to diabetes and people without an LEA.

Research Design And Methods: The Strong Heart Study is a study of CVD and its risk factors in 13 American-Indian communities. LEA was ascertained at baseline by direct examination of the legs and feet.

Validity and reliability of the general well-being schedule with northern plains American Indians diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The General Well-being Schedule is a brief indicator of subjective feelings of psychological well-being and distress. It is easy to administer, reliable, and valid, although its validity with American Indians has not been established. This study then assessed reliability, validity, and factor structure for a sample of 88 diabetic American Indians, who sought care for diabetes at an Indian Health Service hospital.