The first direct human blood transfusion: the forgotten legacy of George W. Crile.

GEORGE W. CRILE is best known as the father of physiological surgery in the United States, a pioneer surgeon, an innovator and inventor, a founding member of the American College of Surgeons, and the principal founder of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. However, Crile's legacy of performing the first direct blood transfusion in humans has been all but forgotten, even though the results were published in the leading scientific journals of the day.

Neurological surgery at the Cleveland Clinic: a historical perspective.

The department of Neurological Surgery at the Cleveland Clinic is one of the largest and most specialized in the country. This report recounts the Clinic's early history, beginning with the ties between its principal founder, George W. Crile, and Harvey Cushing, through the tragic "Clinic disaster," the death of its first dedicated neurosurgeon, and the arrival of W.

George W. Crile, Ohio's first neurosurgeon, and his relationship with Harvey Cushing.

Much has been written about Harvey Cushing, his contributions to neurosurgery, and his relationship with many of his contemporaries. Nevertheless, there is no independent report documenting his relationship with Ohio's first neurosurgeon, George W. Crile.