The use of total reflectance X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) for the determination of metals in the pharmaceutical industry.

The control of residual metals in active pharmaceutical ingredients (API's) and intermediates is critical because of their potential toxic effects. A variety of technologies are available to measure residual metals in pharmaceutical compounds including, AAS, ICP-AES, and ICP-MS. The newest technology is total reflectance X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRF) which uses primary X-rays to excite atoms which then emit secondary X-rays.

Development and characterization of "push-pull" sampling device with fast reaction quenching coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography for pharmaceutical process analytical technologies.

A push-pull sampling system interfaced on-line to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for micro-volume real-time monitoring of reaction mixtures. The device consists of concentric tubes wherein sample was continuously withdrawn through the outer tube and reaction quenchant continuously delivered through a recessed inner tube. The device allowed sampling rates of 0.