Employing Si solar cell technology to increase efficiency of ultra-thin Cu(In,Ga)Se solar cells.

Reducing absorber layer thickness below 500 nm in regular Cu(In,Ga)Se (CIGS) solar cells decreases cell efficiency considerably, as both short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage are reduced because of incomplete absorption and high Mo/CIGS rear interface recombination. In this work, an innovative rear cell design is developed to avoid both effects: a highly reflective rear surface passivation layer with nano-sized local point contact openings is employed to enhance rear internal reflection and decrease the rear surface recombination velocity significantly, as compared with a standard Mo/CIGS rear interface. The formation of nano-sphere shaped precipitates in chemical bath deposition of CdS is used to generate nano-sized point contact openings.

Consequences of the cessation of 3000 years of grazing on dry Mediterranean grassland ground-active beetle assemblages.

Due to extensive grazing regimes over a long period of time, the Plain of Crau, the unique steppe of France, is a particularly suitable model to study the role of sheep grazing on beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages and their response to grazing abandonment. After four years of abandonment, beetle assemblages first only undergo a decrease in the abundance of a few species and then a gradual and slight change in species composition. Later, there is a change in the structure of assemblages, which increases with increasing time since abandonment.

Rhizosphere bacterial community composition responds to arbuscular mycorrhiza, but not to reductions in microbial activity induced by foliar cutting.

Differences in bacterial community composition (BCC) between bulk and rhizosphere soil and between rhizospheres of different plant species are assumed to be strongly governed by quantitative and qualitative rhizodeposit differences. However, data on the relationship between rhizodeposit amounts and BCC are lacking. Other soil microorganisms, e.

Increased vaccination efficiency with apoptotic cells by silica-induced, dendritic-like cells.

We have demonstrated previously the ability of apoptotic cells to prime a functional immune response using an i.p. vaccination protocol with apoptotic cells and interleukin 2, before injecting a lethal dose of tumor cells into syngeneic rats.