Heat-related risk at Paris 2024: a proposal for classification and review of International Federations policies.

Several International Federations (IFs) employ specific policies to protect athletes' health from the danger of heat. Most policies rely on the measurement of thermal indices such as the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) to estimate the risk of heat-related illness. This review summarises the policies implemented by the 32 IFs of the 45 sports included in the Paris 2024 Olympic Games.

Dynamic and stationary monitoring of air pollutant exposures and dose during marathons.

Marathon running significantly increases breathing volumes and, consequently, air pollution inhalation doses. This is of special concern for elite athletes who ventilate at very high rates. However, race organizers and sport governing bodies have little guidance to support events scheduling to protect runners.

Heat Preparation and Knowledge at the World Athletics Race Walking Team Championships Muscat 2022.

Purpose: To assess elite racewalkers' preparation strategies, knowledge, and general practices for competition in the heat and their health status during the World Athletics Race Walking Teams Championships (WRW) Muscat 2022.

Methods: Sixty-six elite racewalkers (male: n = 42; mean age = 25.8 y) completed an online survey prior to WRW Muscat 2022.

Thermoregulatory responses during road races in hot-humid conditions at the 2019 Athletics World Championships.

The purpose of this study was to characterize thermoregulatory and performance responses of elite road-race athletes, while competing in hot, humid, night-time conditions during the 2019 IAAF World Athletic Championships. Male and female athletes, competing in the 20 km racewalk ( = 20 males, 24 females), 50 km racewalk ( = 19 males, 8 females), and marathon ( = 15 males, 22 females) participated. Exposed mean skin (T) and continuous core body (T) temperature were recorded with infrared thermography and ingestible telemetry pill, respectively.

Association between thermal responses, medical events, performance, heat acclimation and health status in male and female elite athletes during the 2019 Doha World Athletics Championships.

Purpose: To determine associations between thermal responses, medical events, performance, heat acclimation and health status during a World Athletics Championships in hot-humid conditions.

Methods: From 305 marathon and race-walk starters, 83 completed a preparticipation questionnaire on health and acclimation. Core (T; ingestible pill) and skin (T; thermal camera) temperatures were measured in-competition in 56 and 107 athletes, respectively.

Effect of Advanced Shoe Technology on the Evolution of Road Race Times in Male and Female Elite Runners.

The influence of advanced footwear technology (thickness of light midsole foam and rigid plate) on distance running performances was analyzed during an 8-year period. Analysis of variance was used to measure effects of time, gender, shoe technology, and East African origin on male and female top 20 or top 100 seasonal best times in 10-kilometer races, half-marathons, and marathons. In both genders and three distance-running events, seasonal best times significantly decreased from 2017, which coincided with the introduction of the advanced footwear technology in distance running.

Hydration and cooling in elite athletes: relationship with performance, body mass loss and body temperatures during the Doha 2019 IAAF World Athletics Championships.

Purpose: To characterise hydration, cooling, body mass loss, and core (T) and skin (T) temperatures during World Athletics Championships in hot-humid conditions.

Methods: Marathon and race-walk (20 km and 50 km) athletes (n=83, 36 women) completed a pre-race questionnaire. Pre-race and post-race body weight (n=74), T (n=56) and T (n=49; thermography) were measured.

Whole-body vibration training effects on the physical performance of basketball players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of 4 weeks of whole-body vibration training added to the conventional training of basketball players. Eighteen competitive basketball players (13 male symbol, 5 female symbol, 18-24 years old) were randomly assigned to a whole-body vibration group (WBVG, n = 10; 7 male symbol and 3 female symbol) or a control group (CG, n = 8; 6 male symbol and 2 female symbol). During the 4-week period, all subjects maintained their conventional basketball training program.

Neuromuscular fatigue profile in endurance-trained and power-trained athletes.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of training background on the relationship between the neuromuscular fatigue profile and maximal voluntary torque production in isometric, concentric, and eccentric contraction modes.

Methods: Before and after three sets of 31 isokinetic concentric knee extensions at 60 degrees .s(-1), voluntary and electrically induced contractions were recorded in 14 endurance-trained (ENDU) men (seven cyclists: age 25 +/- 2 yr, mass 70 +/- 8 kg, height 175 +/- 5 cm; and seven triathletes: age 27 +/- 4 yr, mass 71 +/- 5 kg, height 179 +/- 6 cm) and seven explosive power-trained men (EXPLO: age 24 +/- 1 yr, mass 73 +/- 5 kg, height 179 +/- 4 cm).

Knee isometric torque and electromyographic specificities after semitendinosus and gracilis hamstrings anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Objectives: Because the co-contraction of the gastrocnemius and hamstring muscles strains the anterior cruciate ligament, the role of the gastrocnemius muscle is of particular importance after semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. This study aimed to examine the neuromuscular mechanisms underlying postsurgical torque deficits during knee flexion by using surface electromyography.

Design: A total of 14 volunteer patients (eight men, six women; age, 32.

Force steadiness in the lower extremities as an independent predictor of functional performance in older women.

The relationship between isometric force control and functional performance is unknown. Submaximal steadiness and accuracy were measured during a constant force-matching task at 50% of maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensors in 19 older women (70-89 years). Other variables included MVC, rate of torque development, and EMG activity.