On the proliferation of the empathy concept in healthcare and medical education research.

Objective: To offer a critique of empathy concept usage in healthcare and medical education research.

Methods: Analysis of current usage and suggestions for authors and researchers.

Results: Empathy is often undefined or inconsistently defined, and "empathy" as represented in research covers an unmanageably wide and varied range of intentions, attitudes, emotions, and behaviors.

It looks like construct validity, but look again: Comment on Clutterbuck et al. (2021) and recommendations for test developers in the broad "empathy" domain.

Conceptual flaws can undermine even rigorous test development efforts, especially in the broad empathy and social cognition domains, which are characterized by measure proliferation and inconsistently used construct terms. We discuss these issues, focusing on a new instrument of "mentalizing" as a case study. Across several studies, Clutterbuck et al.

What is clinical empathy? Perspectives of community members, university students, cancer patients, and physicians.

Objectives: To explore what undergraduates, community members, oncology patients, and physicians consider empathic behavior in a physician.

Methods: 150 undergraduates, 152 community members, 95 physicians, and 89 oncology patients rated 49 hypothetical physician behaviors for how well they fit their personal definition of physician empathy. Dimensions of empathy were explored and compared across groups.

How do laypeople define empathy?

The term "empathy" is popular, yet fuzzy. How laypeople define it has not been investigated. In Study 1, we analyzed 99 participants' free narratives describing their personal definition, and in Study 1 ( = 191) and Study 2 ( = 351), we asked participants to rate a list of specific behaviors and tendencies for how well each one matched their personal definition.

Gratitude increases third-party punishment.

Third-party punishment occurs when a perpetrator of a transgression is punished by another person who was not directly affected by the transgression (i.e. a third-party).

The Grateful Don't Cheat: Gratitude as a Fount of Virtue.

Gratitude has been linked to behaviors involving the exchange of resources; it motivates people to repay debts to benefactors. However, given its links to self-control-itself a necessary factor for repaying debts-the possibility arises that gratitude might enhance other virtues unrelated to exchange that depend on an ability to resist temptation. Here, we examined gratitude's ability to function as a "parent" virtue by focusing on its ability to reduce cheating.